EJPAU, 2007, Volume 10, Issue 4

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10(4) #09
25 Oct 2007
Agronomy
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Two laboratory experiments were conducted on samples of leached brown soil developed from light loam (pHKCl 6.8) in order to determine the effect of zinc on the process of ammonification and nitrification. Ammonification was studied in experiment 1, where variable factors were zinc dose (mg Zn·kg-1 soil): 0, 5, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000, source of organic nitrogen: urea, L-aspartic acid, L-arginine and L-alanine, and time of soil incubation (h): 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120. Nitrification was studied in experiment 2, where variable factors were zinc dose (mg Zn ·kg-1 soil): 0, 5, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000, source of nitrogen: urea and ammonium sulfate, and time of soil incubation (days): 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120. The course of ammonification and nitrification was determined based on the concentrations of mineral nitrogen (N-NH4 and N-NO3). Soil pH was measured at the same time. Zinc decreased ammonification of urea, L-aspartic acid, L-arginine and L-alanine as well as of nitrification of ammonia nitrogen. The rate of mineralization was faster in the case of urea, compared with amino acids, while nitrification of the N-NH4+ ion formed during urea hydrolysis was more efficient, compared to the same ion formed as a result of ammonium sulfate dissociation. Soil acidity had a negative effect on nitrification, particularly in soil fertilized with ammonium sulfate and urea.

10(4) #12
07 Nov 2007
Agronomy
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There was estimated a susceptibility of grains of the naked oat cultivars: Akt, Cacko, Polar and the line STH 4659 collected at grain moisture content from 22.9 to 10.9% to mechanical damage caused by threshing at two cylinder speeds of the threshing device: 1.6 and 2.4 m·s-1. The control samples were made up of hand-threshed grains. Macrodamage to the embryo, damage to the endosperm and to parts of grains were distinguished. The grain endosperm (7%) and the embryo (about 5%) were most strongly exposed to the direct operation of thresher elements. Damage occurring on the embryo, in the endosperm and, at the same time, on the embryo and endosperm were distinguished in the study of microdamage, and their share ranged from 10 to 40%. Highly significant relationship between the sum of microdamage classes and the number of damaged grains (r = 0.47), total damage area (r = 0.52) and the share of damage area (r = 0.55) shows the applicability of the computer image analysis to evaluate the mechanical damage of oat grains.

10(4) #19
20 Nov 2007
Agronomy
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The study performed in the years 2002-2004 determined seed germination and the occurrence of fungi on and in the developing seeds of oilseed rape. What was also examined was the correlation between the occurrence of Alternaria and Cladosporium spp. spores in the air and seed infestation with the fungi. The highest values of seed germination were observed in 2003. The composition of fungi varied depending on the year and the stage of seed development. Irrespective of the year and the position on a plant, Alternaria and Cladosporium spp. were the dominating fungi detected on the oilseed rape seeds. The majority of fungi contaminated the seed surface. Cladosporium spp. occurred at high percentages from the early stages of seed development, whereas the highest percentages of Alternaria spp. were detected at the end of seed maturation. The number of fungi infecting the seed coats and the embryos increased during the seed development. Towards the end of maturation, more fungi were detected in the seed coat and the embryo of the seeds from the secondary branches as compared with those obtained from the main racemes. The spores of Cladosporium and Alternaria spp. were present in the air throughout the whole observation period. The number of the Alternaria spp. spores in the air increased with time, reaching the highest values at harvest. Cladosporium spp. spores occurred in the air at high concentrations from the very beginning of the observation period. The highest concentration of Cladosporium spp. spores in the air was recorded in 2004. The correlation coefficients between the number of Alternaria and Cladosporium spp. airborne spores and the percentages of the seeds infested with the fungi were not statistically significant.

10(4) #24
28 Nov 2007
Agronomy
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A strict two-factor field experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design at the Mochełek Research Station on very good rye complex soil over 2004-2006. The subject of the experiment was cultivar ‘Bobas’ and the investigated factors were fertilization (entirely pre-sowing) and additional feeding (in four equal parts) of plants with N in doses 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N·ha-1. At five developmental stages right before foliar additional feeding that is of 8-10 leaves, at the beginning of budding and flowering, at the end of flowering and in the physiological maturity of seeds, the content of total N was determined in upper leaves with the Kjeldahl method, just as in stems, pod-shells and seeds directly after harvesting. Chlorophyll content at the same stages on 30 youngest leaves from every plot was determined using Minolta chlorophyllmeter. Additionally, harvest index, the effectiveness of the applied N doses and their utilization by faba bean plants were calculated. Forms and doses of mineral nitrogen except for highest ones did not differentiate significantly the content of total N in faba bean leaves during vegetation or in stems and pod-shells after harvesting. N dose of at least 30 kg in ammonium nitrate or 90 kg in urea were the condition for obtaining a high content of N in seeds. Neither N form nor dose influenced significantly chlorophyll content in leaves. The dose of 90 kg N·ha-1 in ammonium nitrate and 30-90 kg N·ha-1 in urea and from 60 to 180 kg N·ha-1 in ammonium nitrate and urea increased significantly, as compared to the control (with no fertilization or additional feeding) the amount of N received with seed yield and jointly by above-ground parts (stems, pod-shells and seeds). The most advantageous for the studied effectiveness indexes of the applied nitrogen was foliar additional feeding, although only harvest index and the effectiveness of N utilization from the soil, fertilizers and symbiotically fixed nitrogen were not diversified by the form of mineral N and its application technique.

10(4) #27
03 Dec 2007
Agronomy
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The paper examines the influence of tillage systems: conventional, reduced tillage and direct drill, plant foliar fertilization with microelement fertilizers (Mikrosol, Ekolist and Wuxal) and harvest methods (two-stage – entire plants or pods only, one-stage – manual and using a combine harvester) on the quality of narrow-leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seeds of the Zeus cultivar. The vigor of the seeds was determined using the conductometric method, seedling growth test and seedling evaluation test. Additionally, vigor index, the weight of 1000 seeds, and the sum of seedling length were measured. The analyzed tillage systems not so much modified the seeds germination ability, as influenced their vigor. Compared to the control, the analyzed foliar fertilizers did not modify the germination ability and seed vigor of narrow-leaf lupin when combine-harvested and when the entire plants were harvested in two stages. The seeds from combine harvest and two-stage harvest of entire plants showed the greatest vigor and germination considering their vigor index and seedling growth test.

10(4) #31
10 Dec 2007
Agronomy
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The study performed over 1999-2003 aimed at determining the yielding of winter triticale cultivated after table potato fertilized with intercrop biomass and straw. The study examined two factors: I – potato fertilization with intercrops (white clover, Italian ryegrass, oil radish, oil radish – mulch and control); II – potato fertilization with straw (split-block without straw, split-block with straw). The fertilizing value of white clover may be enhanced with the application of straw enriching soil in organic matter and working as a protection against nutrients leaching, nitrogen in particular, which results in the highest potato tuber yield. The most favorable after-effect on winter triticale yielding was recorded for potato fertilized with Italian ryegrass with straw. The application of intercrops, and intercrops with straw under winter triticale forecrop, resulted not only in the direct production costs increase but also in the growth of production value and direct surplus. The best production and economic results were recorded for winter triticale cultivated after potato fertilized with Italian ryegrass with straw.

10(4) #08
24 Oct 2007
Biology
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The investigations comprised the upper respiratory tract in 100 adult ducks: 57 mallard Anas platyrhynchos (30 males and 27 females) and 43 scaup Aythya marila (26 males and 17 females). The work aimed at the anatomical comparison of the organs constituting the upper respiratory tract. Had the sex and age of the investigated birds been determined, the specimens of the upper respiratory tract, preserved in 4% formaldehyde solution, were described morphoanatomically including the larynx, trachea, syrinx and bronchi primarii. The interspecific comparisons of males and females of both species indicated a considerable divergence in the shape, size and structure of the syrinx. They refer, among others, to an extensive membrane, a constituent of the syrinx tympanum in the drakes of scaup which was absent in mallard.

10(4) #20
21 Nov 2007
Biology
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The aim of the investigations was to determine the composition and abundance of the planktonic ciliates occurring in three small peat ponds of different acidity – from 3.2 to 6.2 (south-eastern Roztocze, E Poland). The highest diversity and density of ciliates were noted in high pH (>6) pond, the lowest in low pH ponds. The seasonal changes of ciliate communities in three ponds were quite similar, reaching peak values in October during the mass development of small Scuticociliatida and Prostomatida. The density throughout July was the lowest. Probably in peat ponds the biggest factors limiting the degree of the presence of planktonic ciliates are the pH, conductivity and concentrations of total phosphorus and organic matter.

10(4) #36
17 Dec 2007
Biology
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Generative reproduction is crucial in fast and effective dispersal of synanthropic species. Ecological success of these species depends to a high degree on their fertility, seed dispersal adaptations, an ability to sprout over a long period of time and a high germination rate. Russian Dock (Rumex confertus) has a high seed production potential. Its diaspores are adapted to wind dispersal, have a high germination rate, and exhibit an ability to sprout over a long period of time. These features make the species a successful, invasive anthropophyte.

10(4) #38
20 Dec 2007
Biology
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This paper concerns with the catalase (CAT) activity in the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (F.), in particular its location/distribution within the body tissues and variability in consequence of the chemical compounds of the aphid diets. There is specified that the CAT activity is ‘focused’ within the midgut, whereas the salivary secretions lack of the CAT. Dietary o-dihydroxyphenolics i.e. caffeic acid, (+) – catechin and dihydroxyphenylalanine, similarly to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) show inductive effects on the CAT activity. Moreover, ingestion of the chemicals present within wheat foliages also has significant positive effect on the CAT activity of S.avenae. Role of the CAT activity for antioxidant response of S.avenae against the o-diphenolics is argued.

10(4) #40
21 Dec 2007
Biology
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An analytic method for determination of (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA) residues in soil under cereal cultivation was elaborated. Estrification of the herbicide with methanol has been performed and followed by solid phase microextraction (SPME). Obtained results showed traces of MCPA within the studied soil samples up to 8 weeks, after the herbicide treatment. The herbicide moved within the soil profile to 20 cm of depht. Possible application of the SPME/GC-MS method for monitoring of the MCPA residues within soil under winter wheat cultivation is discussed.

10(4) #42
28 Dec 2007
Biology
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Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) and sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) are good source of minerals, vitamins and flavonoids. Phytochemicals play protective roles against many human chronic diseases including cancer and cardiovascular disorder. Moreover, phenolic compounds participate in defence reactions of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this research was to examine phenolic acids content in R. nigrum and P. cerasus. The leaves of blackcurrant and sour cherry were collected in 2004. Eight phenolic acids were estimated in methanol extracts: gallic, chlorogenic, tannic, caffeic, salicylic, ferulic, p-coumaric and trans-cinnamic. Separations of analysed compounds were carried out with the use of VARIAN ProStar 210 pump and ProStar 325 UV-VIS detector on Microsorb-MV 100-5 C18 column. Leaves of blackcurrant contained 20.023 mg of phenolic acids per g of dry matter and cherry contained 30.702 mg of these compounds. This difference was statistically significant. It was found that salicylic acid was a dominant compound in leaves of sour cherry (17.723 mg·g-1 dm). In blackcurrant leaves, tannic acid and salicylic acid had exhibited the same level of concentration (8.366 and 8.530 mg·g-1 dm respectively). The content of p-coumaric acid was the lowest in both analysed plants (cherry – 0.046 and blackcurrant – 0.026 mg·g-1 dm).

10(4) #43
29 Dec 2007
Biology
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Russian Dock (Rumex confertus), an anthropophyte invading new locations in Poland, settles mainly in ruderal communities and hay-growing meadows. It alters penetrated phytocoenoses which leads to a decrease in biological diversity. Growing in meadows it reduces the fodder quality of hay. Studied populations of Russian Dock are patchily distributed. Ramet clusters covering ca. 1m2 are formed due to morphology of the species: its overground parts are joined with underground rhizomes. Spatial distribution of whole genets (clumps) is determined by habitat factors and varies among populations. Plants at earlier development stages inhabit different ecological niches, in a distance from generative genets. Spatial pattern depends also on sex of the individuals, which is clearly associated with different abundance of male and female specimens.

10(4) #22
26 Nov 2007
Biotechnology
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The effect of sodium acetate addition on citric acid (CA) biosynthesis in batch fermentation process from glucose by acetate non utilizing (acu-) mutant Yarrowia lipolytica A-101.1.31 was studied. Acetate as co-substrate in glucose medium, has improved the specific production rate in the first 24 hours of process, yield and productivity. Among the tested doses (1, 2, 8, 16, 20 gL-1) the addition of 2 gL-1 of sodium acetate had the most positive effect on the CA biosynthesis by Y.lipolytica A-101.1.31. In the future, a study on a continuous addition of sodium acetate could be taken into consideration because acetate was rapidly metabolized.

10(4) #15
14 Nov 2007
Civil Engineering
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Two aspects of static work of the joint between shrinkable and expansive concrete, resulting from the specific nature of the adhesion of expansive concrete, are discussed. Firstly, the effectiveness of the joint between shrinkable and expansive concrete working in different stress-strain states was tested. It was stated that the strength of such a joint is greater than in the case of the connection of two shrinkable concretes. Secondly, it was considered that expansion occurs in the young expansive concrete while the adhesion is still in process and the interface is deformable. On the basis of the layer structures' mechanics the influence of interface deformability on the initial stress-strain state, caused by expansion in concrete composite structures, was confirmed. The stresses caused in the interface by expansion are lower at the end of the composite beam or plate than in the case of a non-deformable interface, but they appear on the longer section of the beam. The final value of the force of expansion, causing the ‘prestressing’ of an element, changes along the composite beam or plate according to the level of interface deformability.

10(4) #26
30 Nov 2007
Civil Engineering
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Building materials should have such properties that buildings, in which they are used, would have desirable utility properties. The ability of building materials to fulfil required functions for certain duration of time, under action of definite factors, is called durability. The requirements for necessary durability of structure are fulfilled when all tasks: performance, strength and stability are fulfilled, during the whole life-time without substantial reduction of its utility and excessive unforeseen costs of maintenance. The significant issue is to protect properly concrete structures against the damaging effect of dampness. An essential condition for correct operating is to effectively protect the construction. The defective protection against water in an object generates destructive processes, which significantly reduce its permanence. It causes the necessity of carry out expensive repairs, in order to determine the predicted period of using the object. The protection of the concrete construction against the harmful activity of dampness is a major economical and technical problem. The general characteristic of protection against water preceded the review of selected, modern (1991÷2005) surface protections of concrete structures. Analysis of selected, modern waterproof protections brought to notice some characteristic inclinations in material solutions. The modifications of “classical” materials’ structure, both mineral and bituminous, became common. Modern waterproof protections are the composites built of – modified by various kinds of polymers – “classical” materials. These composites demonstrate very high resistance to water action, as well as for different outer influences. As a rule they demonstrate the elasticity and resistance to impacts and also very good adhesion to the concrete.

10(4) #41
27 Dec 2007
Civil Engineering
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Constructions of embankments on soft organic soils cause many problems. Because of their specific properties the organic soils, such as peats, are characterized by a large porosity, small shear strength and a large initial permeability which decrease during consolidation. The main task of an engineer is to predict and calculate the real amount of vertical and horizontal deformations which are relatively large in soft soils. In the deformation process of soil skeleton under loading the porosity decreases and causes the changes of permeability characteristics. Therefore the water flow characteristics are very important to be considered in predicting and calculating the subsoil deformations under load. Also it is found in many papers that the relationship between the water flow velocity and the hydraulic gradient is non linear in the specific range of void ratio depending on the soil properties. In this paper the results of water flow characteristics obtained in laboratory tests are presented.

10(4) #17
16 Nov 2007
Economics
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This article is the result of research and surveys conducted in the biggest Polish food companies. The subject of the research was the use of internet in marketing activities. 29 food companies were chosen (from the list of the biggest companies in Poland) accordingly to the following criteria; business model (relations B2B, business-to-business), activities in the food industry, and managing the web site in Polish. The research was conducted in 11 companies, of which 9 were case studies.

The first part of this article describes the basis of modern company functioning in changing environment, where information technology is expanding (the information technology era). The aim of this research is to describe the use of Internet marketing as a marketing tool. In this part of work, among other things, the following matters are presented in the form of a table: defined internet strategies (or their lack), the source of capital, the date of starting business in Poland and the date of introducing and maintaining the website in Polish. Further, the article describes the Internet marketing activities undertaken (product offer, prices, the distribution methods and communication activities). The last part of this article concentrates on the relations between traditional marketing and Internet marketing.

10(4) #03
04 Oct 2007
Environmental Development
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The paper presents the results of an attempt to establish a typology of small water reservoirs in the left-bank Warsaw area. The typology was worked out on basis of data about 278 water reservoirs, collected in GIS database with utilisation cartographical and photointerpretation methods and it was obtained using the cluster analysis. The cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish 16 representative types, each being marked by a large internal homogeneity of the considered five features: water mirror surface area, position in relation to the Varsovian Escarpment, stability of the water supply, naturalness of the water supply, transformation of the closest surroundings.

10(4) #11
05 Nov 2007
Fisheries
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The aim of present study was to estimate the effect of single and binary combinations of cadmium with copper during the embryonic development on hatching success and quality of common carp larvae. The results were compared to those obtained after copper exposure, during the same experiment Witeska and Ługowska [27]. The study was done on common carp newly hatched larvae, the embryonic development of which took place at 0.2 mg·dm-3 of cadmium (Cd group) and 0.2 (0.1 + 0.1) mg·dm-3 mixture of cadmium and copper (CdCu group), or in clean tap water (control – K group). Newly hatched larvae were counted and inspected, and for 20 days from hatching reared under control conditions. The results show that cadmium (0.2 mg·l-1) decreased the success of hatching and caused an increase of number of deformed larvae among the newly hatched ones. The results obtained in the same experiment after copper exposure (Cu 0.2 mg·l-1) [27] indicate that toxic effect of this metal on hatching and quality of larvae was stronger than after cadmium exposure. Copper is more toxic than cadmium in the same concentration. No differences in effect of cadmium exposure (0.2 mg·l -1) and it’s co-exposure with more toxic copper (0.1Cd + 0.1Cu) on hatchability and fre-quency of deformations were observed. These results indicate metal interactions, which in this case probably was antagonistic. Metal exposure decreased survival of fed and starved normal and deformed larvae. Fish died gradually just after hatching. The comparison of effect of cadmium and Cd+Cu mixture shows that the mixture of both metals was more toxic than cadmium alone, but not stronger than copper alone. These data suggest that effect of metal mixture can be additive. Detailed classification of deformed larvae in the present study showed that cadmium alone and in co-exposure with copper caused the same types of larval deformations: vertebral curvatures, body and yolk sac deformations. Under optimal conditions in laboratory culture, vertebral deformations may recover.

10(4) #29
06 Dec 2007
Fisheries
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The investigation was undertaken to analyze the species composition, abundance, and length distribution of fish assemblages inhabiting different littoral habitats in Lake Kosno. The fish were caught during the day and at night with multi-mesh gillnets in July, September, and November 2006. The fish caught belonged to three families and eleven species. Perch, Perca fluviatilis L., and roach, Rutilus rutilus (L.) were represented most abundantly. Significant variability was noted in the abundance of fish in subsequent months. In July the abundance of fish in the littoral zone was nearly four fold higher than in September and November. Neither the time of day nor the habitat type had a significant impact on the abundance of the fish assemblages, while the time of day and the littoral zone type did impact the size of the fish caught. The application of Nordic multi-mesh gillnets to the study of the ichthyofauna composition in the littoral zone of Lake Kośno permitted determining the impact the type of littoral zone and the time of day had on the species composition and length distribution of the fish assemblages.

10(4) #01
02 Oct 2007
Food Science and Technology
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Chocolate and cocoa products are preferred by a large community and as well as being a pleasure to eat. Chocolate is a confection composed primarily of cocoa butter, cocoa mass, which are obtained from cocoa beans. The effects of 4, 20 and 30°C storage temperatures on color, texture, and sensory properties of dark, white and milk chocolates stored for 12 weeks were determined. Results showed that the storage temperatures significantly affected the physical and sensory properties of dark, white and milk chocolates. The storage at 4°C for 12 weeks was retarded changes in the samples. Surprisingly, sensory evaluation indicated that storage at 4°C is more suitable than 20 and 30°C.

10(4) #04
05 Oct 2007
Food Science and Technology
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The effect of two lyophilised starter inoculations FLDAN and CHN-11 of Danisco Biolacta manufacture on organoleptic attributes and selected physical and chemical indices of curd cheeses [tvarogs] was analysed. The cheeses produced under laboratory conditions were vacuum-packed in polyethylene foil and stored for 5 weeks at 5°C [± 1°C]. The examined cheeses were assessed organoleptically as well as water, fat and protein contents, titratable acidity and pH, and fat oxidation changes were determined in them. Moreover, cheese hardness was determined by means of double compression test [TPA]. It was found that during the storage the curd cheese produced using FLDAN starter inoculation was characterised by better organoleptic attributes and lower whey leakage. The type pf starter inoculation did not differentiate significantly the produced cheeses in respect of fat and water contents nor affected titratable and active [pH] acidity of the analysed samples either. The used starter cultures affected however the hardness of examined curd cheeses. Higher hardness in the whole study period was a characteristic of the curd cheese manufactured with FLDAN starter culture. Also slower fat oxidation to primary and secondary products occurred in this cheese in the whole storage period. Moreover, the type of curd cheese inoculation used did not produce differences in the course of changes in the content of conjugated fatty acids [dienes and trienes].

10(4) #02
03 Oct 2007
Food Science and Technology
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Food has been one of the basis of existence of Homo sapiens from the moment our species appeared on the face of the earth. Primitive man gathered leaves, roots, grubs, eggs of birds as well as pieces of raw meat left behind by bigger and stronger animals. The discovery of fire proved to be a major step in the way people lived and ate. The necessity of having the diet of meat and vegetables was discovered in the ancient times. The acquisition of the ability to hunt and later grow vegetables and rare animals was a crucial point in the further development of man. The consumption of meat was one of the factors that differentiated the society of antiquity. Cultural and religious aspects have played a major role in the processing of meat products and their consumption. In different cultures pigs, cows, horses, poultry, dogs, camels, deer, cats or rats can be accepted or not as providers of meat. From the beginning of 19th century a human being has had more and more meat products at his disposal. Consequently, the food pyramid has appeared which classifies products of animal origin and points to the frequency of their consumption. In the 90s of the 20th century dangerous diseases spread, BSE, which caused Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans and later bird flue, which have caused changes in meat consumption. In many developed countries meat containing little fat and low in cholesterol has become popular. At the same time when the pace of modern life is increasing fast food businesses have prospered considerably.
The first mention of meat in the diet of our society dates back to the beginning of our statehood. In the 9 and 10th centuries meat was in plenty. People preferred pork, at the same time the pouring of fat, mainly melted lard on top of meat was considered to be healthy. Besides, meat was salted, smoked and dried. Bona Sforza can be credited with the introduction of vegetables into our fatty, meat diet. The reign of kings from the Saxon dynasty in Poland was a period of excessive drinking and eating. The 18 and 19th centuries brought about enormous social changes in our country. The bigos, borsch, dumplings, roulades became immensely popular. After World War II meat in Poland became a kind of food of political importance. Instead of buying meat and its rational use in a diet, people were forced to acquire it at all costs. Fortunately nowadays, we have plenty of meat and meat products. Meat will surely remain the main ingredient in our diet. We might witness the progressing animal husbandry as well as the increase in organically grown foods. With the acquiescence of the society, we will also experience considerable changes in the rearing of farm animals which, in all likelihood, may be subjected to genetic engineering. Subsequently, there will be more demand for convenience food and nutraceuticals. The EU having taken into consideration the preservation of cultural identity, including culinary preferences has introduced the system of protecting regional and traditional dishes. Three categories have come into existence: Protected designations of origin, Protected geographical indication, Traditional Speciality Guaranteed. In Poland, in accordance with the law the special list of Traditional Polish Dishes has been made. Upon recapitulation, it must be stated that in meat consumption the instructions of Prof. S. Berger should be seriously considered. A diet needs to be connected with the following features: Variety, Moderation, Temperance, Balance, Regularity of having meals, Exercising, Smiling. Reduction of stress level and Moderate Consumption of certain drinks in a Good company can only be added to this list.

10(4) #06
12 Oct 2007
Food Science and Technology
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The study examined the effects of extrusion parameters on the phenolic content and the antioxidant and antiradical potential of five cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The phenolic content of extrudates was found to be 22% to 37% lower than that of raw seeds. The antioxidant activity as measured by the FRAP method decreased due to extrusion by 11% to 32% on average, depending on cultivar. The antiradical activity against DPPH fell by 4% to 10%, and against ABTS, by 5% to 27%. Extrusion performed at 20% moisture of the raw material and a temperature of 120°C of the process had the least adverse effect on both phenolic content and antioxidant and antiradical potential.

10(4) #10
30 Oct 2007
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of this study was to estimate the relations between slaughter values of fatteners and technological value of meat and sensory quality evaluated in Longissimus lumborum muscle after thermal treatment. The studies were executed on a group of 50 fatteners derived from the crossing of Polish Landrace and Polish Large White sows with hybrid boars P-76 PenArLan. In the animals slaughtered at 100 kg live weight the following features were estimated: the percent of meat in carcass, technological value and sensory quality of meat in 96 h post mortem after heat treatment. The meat tenderness was also estimated instrumentally on the basis of the cutting test, using an Instron Company device, type 4301. Additionally, a photograph of microstructure of muscle was taken. Sensory quality of meat after thermal treatment depended on its tenderness, juiciness and tastiness. The correlations between meatiness and fatness of fatteners with tastiness were obtained. Overall quality of cooked meat, tenderness, juiciness and tastiness was correlated with pH, drip loss, cooking yield and TY indicator. Simultaneous effect of technological meat quality on its sensory quality was analyzed by using canonical analysis. Calculated ratio of canonical correlation RC = 0.97 showed that sensory meat quality is significantly determined by its technological value.

10(4) #16
15 Nov 2007
Food Science and Technology
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Potato starch was oxidised with hydrogen peroxide under acidic or alkaline conditions in the presence or without Fe(II) ions as a catalyst. Native starch and the modified products obtained were examined for the carboxyl and aldehyde groups, total phosphorus. Amylose contents and water-binding capacity, water solubility and pasting characteristics were also determined. Oxidation in acidic conditions resulted in a larger increase in the amounts of carboxyl and aldehyde groups, a greater decrease in the amylose and phosphorus levels in modified starch products. The presence of Fe(II) ions during starch oxidation in acidic conditions caused considerable increase of starch solubility at 60°C and whole solubilisation in water at 80°C. Starch oxidation without catalyst both (acidic and alkaline) conditions caused decrease of water-binding capacity at 80°C. The presence of the catalyst in the modification process in alkaline conditions increased thermal stability of the oxidised starch paste.

10(4) #23
27 Nov 2007
Food Science and Technology
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Gelatinization parameters of selected starch materials such as flour grits, native starches, and modified starch were determined thermomechanically, by measuring the respective torque values. The highest torque [Nm] was found to occur during gelatinization of rice grits, potato starch, and distarch phosphate. Pure starches required less time to gelatinize, compared to flour grits. Grits of larger grain sizes required higher initial temperatures (tP) to gelatinize. The highest gelatinization rates were observed in potato starch and distarch phosphate.

10(4) #28
04 Dec 2007
Food Science and Technology
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The effect of an addition of citric acid, isoascorbic acid, sodium ascorbate and tocopherol on redox changes was analyzed in the lipid fraction of vacuum stored Slaska type sausage. It was observed that the kind of additive and storage time of the product had a statistically significant effect on all analyzed indexes. The lowest value of the redox potential was found for the sample with the highest addition of isoascorbic acid, but the lowest amounts of sodium ascorbate and citric acid. Moreover, statistically significant correlations were recorded between nitrite residue and pH–value and between nitrite residue and redox potential.

10(4) #30
07 Dec 2007
Food Science and Technology
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Technological usefulness was examined of three kefir cultures (A, B and C) of the Canadian Rosell Institute Inc. for kefir production from goat’s milk. Culture A was composed of micro-organisms of genus Lactococcus, Leuconostoc and Lactobacillus and yeasts Saccharomyces florentinus. The other two cultures contained such a microflora as culture A, except for no yeasts in culture B and yeasts Kluyveromyces fragilis replacing yeasts Saccharomyces florentinus in culture C. Within the framework of research work, experimental kefirs were subjected to sensory evaluation and physicochemical analysis with respect to their titratable acidity, pH, and amine nitrogen and acetate aldehyde, ethyl alcohol (ethanol) contents. Basing on the carried out examination, it was found that kefir cultures of the Canadian Rosell Institute Inc. manufacture applied, in particular culture C, showed a great usefulness for kefir production from goat’s milk, since all experimental kefirs obtained were characterised by very good appearance and desired consistency during the whole study period. In addition, only slightly detectable goaty flavour as well as the largest content of acetate aldehyde was found in the product obtained using culture C.

10(4) #33
12 Dec 2007
Food Science and Technology
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Myofibre characteristic, texture, structure, and rheological properties of selected muscles (BF, SM and L) of deer of different carcass weight were compared. Muscle texture and rheological properties was determined with the TPA and relaxation test, respectively, performed with a Instron 1140 device. Fibre type percentage and structural elements (muscle fibre cross sectional area and perimysium thickness) were measured in muscle samples using a computer image analysis programme. Of the muscles tested, the highest hardness, chewiness, sum of viscous and elastic moduli and the lower tenderness were found in BF which, at the same time, showed the highest fibre cross sectional area and the thickest perimysium. The most delicate histological structure and the lowest percentage of type I fibres as well as the lowest hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and sum of viscous moduli were found in L. The young deer muscles showed lower percentage of I fibre type as well as lower values of textural parameters, while the sum of viscous and elastic moduli were higher than in old deer muscles. The muscle fibre cross sectional area and the perimysium thickness of young animal muscles were lower than those in the meat of deer of 100 kg carcass weight.

10(4) #34
13 Dec 2007
Food Science and Technology
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Antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, total anthocyanins and chlorogenic acid contents were evaluated in fruits of 14 cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) grown in Central Poland in the years of 2002-2004. In addition, fruits were analyzed for soluble solids, pH and total acidity. The total antioxidant capacity of berries was high and ranged from 23.1 to 43.7 µmol Trolox equivalents/g of fresh fruits. The antioxidant capacity was strongly correlated with the content of total anthocyanins and total phenolics. The total anthocyanins content ranged from 97.1 to 256.5 mg·100 g-1 of fresh fruits. The highest concentration of anthocyanins was found in cv. ‘Bluegold’ and the lowest in cv. ‘Darrow’. In the year 2002, when the berries shown the lowest fruit weight, the average anthocyanins content was the highest in all years. The most common cv ‘Bluecrop’ in Poland exhibited the highest chlorogenic content (in average for three years 92 mg·100 g-1 FW). The highest concentration of soluble solids was recorded for cv. ‘Brigitta Blue’ (15.5%). Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics, anthocyanins, chlorogenic acid content of highbush blueberry were strongly affected by genotype. Highbush blueberries exhibited also significant differences in antioxidant properties as a consequence of growing season.

10(4) #18
19 Nov 2007
Forestry
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The qualitative and quantitative composition of cone entomofauna of Norway spruce Picea abies (L.) Karst. of the Tatra National Park was determined during 1987–1993. The trophic groups of insects were distinguished and characterized using ecological indexes. Some of the data were analyzed statistically using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Bartlett’s, and Duncan’s tests (at the significance level α = 0.05). The diversity of the qualitative and quantitative composition of insects inhabiting spruce cones is presented according to their altitudinal distribution. The results obtained fill the gaps in knowledge on seed and cone pests of Norway spruce of the Tatra National Park. Above 67 thousand of insect specimens representing 46 species from 5 orders were collected. From among these species 13 were for the first time reported from Norway spruce cones in the world. Besides, other two species, to date reported from other European countries, were for the first time reported from Norway spruce cones in Poland. A significant effect of altitude on numbers of 9 species was found. Also the difference between the cone entomofauna of Norway spruce in the Western Tatra and that in the High Tatra was determined.

10(4) #39
21 Dec 2007
Forestry
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The research is a methodological analysis of the first stage of micro-propagation of grand fir (Abies grandis Lindl.), which is included in the group of coniferous tree species introduced in Poland and characterised by a fast growth rate. The experiments were conducted on four types of grand fir explants (mature seeds, mega-gametophytes, mature zygotic embryos, buds collected in springtime from twenty year-old trees from the lower tree crown) with respect to initiation and further development of callus of this species. Nine experiments were conducted, where the following issues were analysed: efficiency of the disinfecting agent and the time of its operation on the percentage of grand fir explants of various origins not infected by bacteria or fungi, impact of media and growth regulators contained in the media on the initiation and development of callus and initiation of adventitious buds. Moreover, the research included the impact of the fungistatic and bacteriostatic agent – PPM and the conditions of conducting breeding (in light and in the dark) on callogenesis and organogenesis. The results of the research have shown that the best explants for in-vitro breeding of grand fir are zygotic embryos isolated from mature seeds (average frequency of regeneration 44.5%) and mega-gametophytes (average frequency of regeneration 10.3%).

10(4) #35
14 Dec 2007
Geodesy and Cartography
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One of the problems occurring in the classical methods of geoid and quasi-geoid altitude determination, which lower their accuracy, is the necessity to implement various corrections to the input data. The other important issue in a precise geoid determination is the recognition of topographical masses density distribution. Its variations are significant and could reach one centimeter – even for a slightly folded terrain. The paper suggests the method for the quasi-geoid altitude modeling on the basis of non-reduced surface gravity data and heights anomalies of the GPS/leveling. The method depends on generating a disturbing potential model whose component is the topographical masses density distribution model. The paper presents preliminary examination results performed in the test area located in Lower Silesia, SW Poland. The achieved precision of calculated quasi-geoid heights is about in the meaning of a mean square error. Attained precision of the model is close to the accuracy of a test, GPS/leveling data. Good results were obtained within the range of about 20 km from the border of the area covering a gravity data. It confirms that the proposed solution could be used in case of lack of the gravity data on large regions outside the examined area. The designated model of topographic masses density confirms that such solution allows to interpolate height anomalies and model topographic masses density at the same time.

10(4) #07
16 Oct 2007
Horticulture
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The research was carried out over the years 2000-2002, on 20 tulip cultivars grown in two commercial tulip plantations located in the South-Eastern Poland. The healthiness of plants was examined at the beginning and the end of flowering, and after digging and storage time.
The disease index values of above-ground plant parts ranged from 10.4 to 30.2. The most infected cultivars were ‘Christmas Surprise’, ‘Apricot Beauty’ and ‘Generał Eisenhower’.
From the above-ground plant parts most frequently isolated species were Alternaria alternata. Species Botrytis tulipae occurred more frequently on the foliar parts of tulips cultivated in Wojszyn at the beginning of flowering.
The mean disease index values of bulbs ranged from 2.5 to 10.4. The most infected cultivars were ‘Apricot Beauty’, ‘Oriental Splendour’ and ‘Czerwony Kapturek’.
From the diseased bulbs of tulips after digging, as well as after storage, the greatest number of fungi isolates belonging to the species P. verrucosum var. cyclopium were obtained.

10(4) #14
12 Nov 2007
Horticulture
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The experiment studied the effect of 14 fungi species isolated in the years 2001-2003 from the shoots of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) on the growth of Topospora myrtilli. Besides, the effect of biopreparations of animal and plant origin: Biochikol 020 PC and Biosept 33 SL, was examined on T. myrtilli. Trichoderma harzianum and T. koningii belong to the fungi that inhibited the growth of the pathogen in the strongest manner. The studied species from genus Trichoderma caused degeneration of the hyphae and the dying out of the pathogen’s colonies already eight days after their common growth. The fungi inhibiting the growth of T. myrtilli also included: Altenaria alternata, A. raphani, Epicoccum purpurascens and Penicillium decumbens. Among those, only Epicoccum purpurascens formed an inhibition zone in common growth with T. myrtilli. The studies conducted on the effect of biopreparations on T. myrtilli showed that both Biochikol 020 PC and Biosept 33 SL considerably limited the growth and development of the pathogen. Biosept in the concentration of 0.3% caused very strong inhibition of the growth of the hypha and their deep degeneration.

10(4) #25
29 Nov 2007
Horticulture
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Studies were conducted in the years 2004-2006 on American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) plantation situated on sandy-clay soil. The experiment concerned a comparison of results of the mycological analysis of diseased ginseng plants from the objects with different methods of plant protection from infection factors. The mycological analysis showed that pathogenic fungi were most frequently isolated from ginseng plants taken from the control combination. The least quantity of pathogens was obtained from the plants taken from the combination with the chemical protection, i.e. Alkalin 10:20 and Alkalin 10:20 together with fungicides. Pathogenic fungi that were most frequently isolated from the infected parts of ginseng includes the following: Altenaria alternata, Fusarium spp., Cylindrocarpon destructans, Pythium irregulare, Phytophthora sp. and Rhizoctonia solani.

10(4) #37
18 Dec 2007
Horticulture
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The research has been conducted based on the data from household budget surveys by Central Statistical Office for the years 1990-2005. The changes in the level and the structure, the dynamics and the trends in the consumption of fresh fruits and preserved fruits in households belonging to various socioeconomic groups have been analysed. The aggregated data concerning household expenditures concerned the following groups of expenditures: fruits and preserved fruits, including fruits, exotic fruits and preserved fruits. Significant changes in the consumption of fruit and processed fruit in the examined period were observed. The consumption of fruit and processed fruit increased and the structure of consumption changed. The share of apples, which dominated in the structure of consumption, decreased from 54% to 46%. The trend in consumption of fruit (except for apples) and processed fruit was upward but the growth rate was not the same for different groups of fruit. Individual social-economic groups differed in the level and the structure of consumption of fresh fruit and processed fruit. Monthly consumption of fruit fluctuated between 3.32 kg per capita and 4.03 kg per capita. The share of expenditures on fruit and processed fruit in expenditures on food decreased in the examined period from 5.64% to 5.37%.

10(4) #05
09 Oct 2007
Veterinary Medicine
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Studies were conducted on 59 tongues of the domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domestica), of both sexes, being at day 15, 18, 20, 22 and 26 of prenatal life (p.c.) and at day 1, 15 and 30 and in the 6th month of postnatal life (p.p.).
Primordia of foliate papillae were observed starting from day 22 of fetal development in the rabbit in the posterior part of the tongue, on its dorso-lateral side. The height of developing foliate papillae and the thickness of the epithelium covering them were measured in the study. Selected traits were analyzed statistically using the F test.
Morphometric analyses showed that both the height of foliate papillae and their primordia, as well as the thickness of the epithelium covering developing foliate papillae increased in the successive investigated periods of pre- and postnatal life in the rabbit. The highest growth rate of foliate papillae was recorded between day 30 and the 6th month p.p., while the lowest – between day 26 p.c. and day 1 p.p. The highest dynamics of changes in the thickness of the epithelium were recorded between day 15 and 30 p.p., while the lowest – between day 26 p.c. and day 1 p.p.

10(4) #13
09 Nov 2007
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of the dissertation was to determine the influence of Humobentofet, a humic-mineral-fatty supplement, on the selected parameters of in vitro fermentation in the rabbit’s caecum. The research was conducted on 54 rabbits of the Belgian giant breed, aged 6 months. The samples of caecal content were taken directly after slaughter and then diluted with a solution containing a buffer selection. To the samples prepared in this way, Humobentofet (HBF) was added at the dose of 10% (group D1) and 15% (group D2) of the taken chyme. The controls consisted of samples that did not contain HBF. The samples were then fermented in vitro in anaerobic conditions in bottles placed in a shaker with a water bath. Collected samples were also prepared and then incubated in a fermentor in order to analyse gases produced in the process. The samples to be analysed were taken from bottles before the fermentation (0. h) and in the course of fermentation, i.e. after 4, 6, and 24 hrs of fermentation, in order to determine the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in them by means of gas chromatography. Additionally, the pH as well as the concentration of ammonia and lactic acid were also determined. Subsequently, the percentage concentrations of three most important acids (acetic acid C2, propionic acid C3, and butyric acid C4) in their total concentration, the C3/C4 ratio, the fermentation efficiency, the ratio of energy regained in VFA to the energy lost in methane as well as the VFA utilisation coefficient were calculated. The gas samples were taken from the fermentor at 4, 6 and 24 hrs of fermentation to glass pipettes in order to determine the content of methane and carbon dioxide by means of gas chromatography. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the influence of the humic-mineral-fatty supplement on the in vitro fermentation of the rabbit’s caecal content is manifest first of all in the increase of the content of propionic acid in the total volume of VFA, the increase of the fermentation efficiency and the lowering of the non-glycogenic VFA/glycogenic VFA ratio. Besides, it was observed that the pH of the caecal content was lowered. The changes enumerated above prove the favourable impact of Humobentofet on the bacterial processes that take place in the rabbit’s caecum, especially in the case of animals bred for consumer purposes.

10(4) #21
22 Nov 2007
Veterinary Medicine
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In the course of Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), lung injury is caused, among others, by neutrophil products, including nitric oxide (NO). Destructive action of this free radical on respiratory tract tissues is stimulated by some cytokines. The purpose of this study was to determine how TNFα influences on NO generation by neutrophils in the course of BRD. This study revealed that neutrophils isolated from heifers with acute BRD produced greater amounts of NO than in chronic BRD. In all phases of BRD and in both forms of the disease the concentration of TNFα in the range of 0.05 ng·ml-1 to 0.5 ng·ml-1 had a stimulatory effect on neutrophils after 0.5 h and 24 h incubation. Moreover, the greatest NO production was observed in cultures of neutrophils from an acute BRD in the concentration of 0.5 ng·ml-1 after 0.5 h and 24h incubation. After 48h incubation NO production increased only at a concentration of 0.05 ng·ml-1. Above these concentrations production of NO decreased. The most pronounced inhibitory action of TNFα on generation of NO by neutrophils became in acute BRD in cultures after 0.5 h at 50 ng·ml-1, and after 24 h at 5 ng·ml-1, and was related to diminished viability of neutrophils.

10(4) #32
11 Dec 2007
Veterinary Medicine
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The use of a flexible fibrescope for hysteroscopic examinations in cows which manifested clinical signs of postpartum metritis after retention the placenta, during early uterine involution period, was the aim of the paper. Seven Holstein – Friesian cows after pathological delivery were examined by the use hysteroscopy. In these cows retention of fetal membranes were observed. The fetal membranes retentions were manually resolved with antibiotic intrauterine protection. In a week after the manual removal of fetal membranes (9-10 days post calving) a clinical controls of uterus in cows were performed. The hysteroscopy was included to these clinical examinations. The fiberoscope Olimpus GIF XQ-20 with a working length of 1000 mm and outside diameter of 9.8 mm was used. This paper shows eight, selected, the most characteristic hysteroscopic pictures of uterus in cows with metritis which were done during clinical examinations (after fetal membranes retention). The pictures were done chronologically through vulvar cleft, next cervical canal, body of uterus, septum uteri up to their horns. Hysteroscopy is very useful method of detection abnormalities in details of the uterus postpartum and it was well tolerated by cows. All of them became pregnant with quite good parameters of reproduction.


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