EJPAU, 2005, Volume 8, Issue 3

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8(3) #08
11 Jul 2005
Forestry
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In their study, the authors made an attempt to determine the radial variability of the strength quality coefficient of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood in relation to the biosocial position of trees in the stand.

The performed investigations comprised trees representing the first three Kraft classes from the pine stands of the age classes V and VI growing in conditions of the following forest site types: fresh coniferous forest (FCF) and mixed fresh coniferous forest (MFCF).

The experiments revealed that the growth site conditions and the biosocial tree position in the stand exerted some influence on the radial variability of the strength quality coefficient of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. Both the size of the tree crown as expressed by its volume and, first and foremost, the height of the position of the crown centre of gravity were important.

8(3) #35
20 Sep 2005
Civil Engineering
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The subject of contribution is non-stationary heat conduction in a periodically inhomogeneous rigid laminated conductor. As a tool of modelling the tolerance averaging technique is taken into account, [1]. The aim of the contribution is to extend the tolerance averaged model of the heat conduction in periodically two-constituent laminates for the laminates with an arbitrary number of constituents. The approach is based on applying FEM for periodic structures in the framework of model with the micro-local parameters, [2]. Similar problem for the case without scale effect was examined in [3]. Related modelling problems was also discussed in [4,5,6,7].

8(3) #15
16 Aug 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The experiments were performed on 9 sexually mature pigs in the period of their full lactation. In 6 animals, the subsequent complexes of the mammary gland were removed, leaving the skin untouched. Other 3 pigs constituted the control group of the experiment; as to examine the possible impact of the operational procedures on additional changes in the nerve system. The animals were kept alive for the period of 21 days, subsequently put down and sectioned for the following material: thoracic - lumbar - sacral section of the spinal cord with all spinal ganglia. Such preparations were stained according to Klüver-Barrera’s method and modified Nissel’s method. In the course of experiments conducted, one may say that the source of origin of afferent nerve fibres supplying the mammary gland are the nerve cells from the thoracic and lumbar part of the spinal ganglia.

8(3) #06
07 Jul 2005
Fisheries
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The study involved crucian carp harvested in various seasons of 2000-2002 from the Szczecin Lagoon (177 individuals) and from the Leszczyńskie Lakeland (707 individuals). The fish age was determined from scales. The length growth was back-calculated with the scale radius-corrected Vovk method in which the standard length was set at 12 mm [10]. In addition, 5 mathematical growth models (Ford-Walford, von Bertalanffy, Gompertz, the second order polynomial, and modified power function) were applied. The weight growth was followed by means of the modified von Bertalanffy equation.

8(3) #17
18 Aug 2005
Forestry
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The performed analyses comprised the time of exposure to acoustic loads of the operator of the Vimek 606 6WD forwarder during the forwarding of pile timber harvested using two methods: with and without a midfield. Timber intended for forwarding was harvested with the Timberjack 770 harvester employing one of the following two technologies: 1/ with a midfield – the spacing of strip roads exceeds two times the range of the harvester crane; 2/ with strip roads (without the midfield) with distances between them not greater than twice the range of the harvester crane. The alternative method of timber harvest <footnote>, in which more raw material was gathered close to the skid road, allowed reducing the proportion of driving time needed by the harvester during timber forwarding. The stacked wood was forwarded with the Vimek 606 6WD forwarder. In each of the treatments, the time of exposure of the harvester operator to noise was investigated.

In the course of the performed experiments, using the Bruel & Kjaer 2231 audiometer, the noise intensity was measured in the closed cabin of the forwarder during the following two operations: timber loading (85.2 dB (A)) and driving to timber piles (90.2 dB (A)).

The performed analyses of the measurement data in the above-described variants of timber forwarding revealed variations in the exposure time of the forwarder operator to noise. In the treatment with the midfield, the authors recorded the shortest forwarding time needed to complete one timber loading (23.28 min.) and a shorter exposure of the operator to noise calculated per 1 m3 of forwarded timber. In the variant without the midfield, the skidding time amounted to 25.80 min. of which the driving time was 4.79 min. In addition, the time analysis of labour operations showed that the noise of the higher sound level (during driving) was shorter in the treatment with the midfield (3.10 min.).

8(3) #38
23 Sep 2005
Wood Technology
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This work is a contribution to virtual design of the healthy sleep parameters. This study method can be expanded to virtual models of sitting postures, namely in solving the question of chairs comfort (seat and backrest). Further studies and their scope in the area of healthy laying and healthy sitting (especially in schools and offices) may facilitate development of design-constructional solutions for the corresponding furniture and thus cover wider area of upholstered furniture.

8(3) #10
14 Jul 2005
Biology
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The study involved mice of an inbred CFW line from the author’s own culture conducted according to the street light method (Lane Petter and Pearson 1971). All the animals, aged about 3 months and weighing 20 g each, were infected per os with 200 T. spiralis larvae per mouse. A total of 76 mice, divided into two groups, were used. Group I constituted the control and consisted of T. spiralis-infected mice, while Group II consisted of chitosan (chitosan adipinate)-treated mice receiving a dose of 0.4 mg per mouse, administered intra-peritoneally for 20 days (6 days prior to infection until day 13 post-infection). Four mice of each group were sacrificed by decapitation on invasion day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 60. Sections of the jejunum and mandibular muscle were used to prepare populations of cells involved in the inflammatory infiltration. The populations selected were the T (CD4+ and CD8+) lymphocytes and macrophages. The first were identified with immunofluorescence, using labelled monoclonal antibodies, while identification of the latter proceeded immunoenzymatically, with non-labelled monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the infected animals in each group were examined for the presence of parasites: on day 7, 10, 14, and 21 post-infection, the intestinal parasites were counted, while, the muscle-dwelling larvae being enumerated on day 60 post-infection. In this study, the macrophage count in the jejunum mucosa basement membrane of the chitosan-treated mice increased until day 21 post-infection and remained, until the observations were terminated, at a level higher than that in the control. On the other hand, the transversely striated muscles revealed, in addition to T CD4+ and T CD8+ lymphocytes, a stronger macrophage mobilisation throughout the period of observations. The chitosan-treated mouse jejunum were also a site of a faster removal (“expulsion”) of adult parasites than in the control, the muscle larval count in those mice being clearly lower than in the control.

8(3) #11
09 Aug 2005
Animal Husbandry
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In the experiment, goat kids of white improved breed and ram lambs of the Polish Lowland sheep fattened up to 150 days, were studied. After weaning, the animals at the age of about 70 days old were fattened "ad libitum" with all-mash pelleted feed CJ the additive containing 6.1 MJ EN and 182 g of crude protein, and meadow hay additionally. The main aim our study was determined the differences in fatty acids compositions of intramuscular fat of goat kid and ram lambs, fed with the same feed and kept in the same conditions. Results of the study showed that lambs were significantly heavier (36.64 kg) and had got a higher weight of warm carcass (16.67 kg). The kid meat showed significantly higher content of protein (20.21%) and mineral compounds (1.13%) and lower fat content (2.28%). Lamb meat contained more dry matter as well as crude fat and less protein and mineral elements than goat meat. Muscles of goat kid characterized 3.55 p.j. (percentage units) lesser contents of palmitic acid (C16:0 ) and 4.33 p.j. of stearinic acid (C18:0 ). Significance of differences was confirmed statistically. Among determined monosaturated acids dominated oleinic acid (C18:1 ): in goat kid tissue 54.1% and ram lambs tissue 47.5%. From among acids polyunsaturated significant differences stepped out among fatty acids; C18:2 , C18:3 , C20:4. In the researcher's study, this indicator was slightly below this optimum ratio and ranged from 1.60 for goats and 1.29 for rams. In the experiment, favorable proportion of UFA:SFA characterized of goat kids (1.69) incomparision with ram lambs (1.22). The differences among studied animals were significant statistically.

8(3) #19
23 Aug 2005
Economics
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In this paper, the authors assess conditions for developing non-agricultural economic activity in rural areas with a dispersed agriculture. The research was conducted in the Podkarpacki region, and is based on opinions expressed by farmer - entrepreneurs as well as other rural entrepreneurs.

8(3) #03
05 Jul 2005
Economics
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In the paper there was presented an issue of the law of diminishing returns in agriculture. It was shown, that despite its general character, it is impossible to satisfactorily explain issues of input´s transformation into output in a farming process in agriculture.

8(3) #31
15 Sep 2005
Biotechnology
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The objective of the studies was to evaluate possibilities of petroleum oil biodegradation by free and immobilized cells of C. lipolytica. Immobilization was conducted in 2% sodium alginate coated/non-coated with 1.0% chitosane. The elimination process involved 94.1% of the total amount of introduced hydrocarbons in cultures containing free cells of C. lipolytica and 96.5% and 96.1% of hydrocarbons in cultures containing immobilized cells. Statistically significant differences were observed for the rate of hydrocarbon degradation. The remains of traced substratum were at the level of 5.1% and 5.4% in cultures with encapsulated yeasts whereas comparable amounts of petroleum hydrocarbons (4.9%) were detected on 21st day of the experiment.

8(3) #34
19 Sep 2005
Food Science and Technology
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“Egbo” a popular Nigerian food made from maize grits was fortified with Vigna unguiculata L. Walp and Cajnus cajan in ratios 1:1 respectively to developed new “egbo” based recipes. The physico-chemical and functional properties, proximate composition, mineral content and organoleptic test were determined. Results showed that in all cases, the level of protein and mineral increased with the inclusion of the legumes. The values obtained for functional properties showed that “egbo” would be suitable for some food formulations. The fortified “egbo” samples were considered acceptable to panelists but the one with Vigna unguiculata L. Walp was preferred.

8(3) #21
25 Aug 2005
Fisheries
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The study was completed on the basis of the results of commercial fish catches from lakes in Northeastern Poland. The number and status of the pikeperch lake habitats were determined in 14 river basins in this part of Poland, as recorded in 1951-1994. The river basins differed in the potential of the lakes inhabited by this predatory fish. The highest percentage of such lakes relative to all lakes larger than 10 ha was found in the river basins of the Liwa, Pasłęka and Osa. The status and distribution of pikeperch habitats were established at the beginning and in the final years of the time period analyzed. The total increase in the number of lakes settled by pikeperch was 209, with the aggregate area of pikeperch habitats rising by 41 365 ha. The dispersion of pikeperch was not connected directly with the fish stocking carried out during that time. In the Ełk and Pisa river basins, over 90% of new pikeperch habitats appeared owing to natural migration of this fish species.

8(3) #13
11 Aug 2005
Agronomy
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Earthworms are keystone species in the process of soil formation. The present paper reports on comparative studies of earthworm activity at a semi-natural park site and a typical farmland in Northern Poland. Of the six species found, Aporrectodea caliginosa, A. rosea, Allolobophora chlorotica, and Lumbricus terrestris occurred at all sites. The epigeic species L. casteneus and D. octaedra were missing at the farmland sites. Least species rich was the farmland site with the most condensed soil where only A. caliginosa, A. chlorotica, and L. terrestris were present. The farmlands showed reduced earthworm activities as measured by cast production and macropore density with respect to the natural park site. Cast production in the farmlands appeared to be independent of soil compactness and relative humidity. Soil compactness above 1.7 Mg · m-2 hampered earthworm activity. The total cast weight was inversely correlated with soil pH. The two most alkalic sites had significantly lower total cast weights per m2 than the park site.

8(3) #37
22 Sep 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The purpose of present study was to evaluate the efficiency of certain organic acids against L. monocytogenes contaminating vacuum-packed meat stored under refrigeration. The experiment was performed on 140 samples of bovine omotransversarius muscle. Each sample was divided into 4 parts (L, A, M, C) and inoculated with L. monocytogenes PCM 2191. Subsequently the parts were superficially sprayed with 10% lactic (L) or 10% ascorbic acid (A) or the mixture of both the acids (M) or left as the control (C). All the samples were vacuum-packed and stored at 4±1°C for 14 days. The pH and water activity measurements and the microbiological analyses of the material studied were performed on 0, 1, 7 and 14 day of storage. The study proved the efficiency of superficially applied lactic and ascorbic acid against L. monocytogenes. The acids, used either individually or in mixture, caused the significant reduction of listeria at any point of storage. The efficiency of the acids was the most prominent after their application in mixture, which was proved by the calculated values of T-4D - time required for the reduction of L. monocytogenes by 4 log. The T-4D for both the acids applied together was more than twice shorter than for each of them used individually. Consequently, superficial treatment with the mixture of lactic and ascorbic acid seems to be efficient against the moderate contamination of beef with L. monocytogenes.

8(3) #23
26 Aug 2005
Biotechnology
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Liquid manure from an industrial pig fattening plant was degraded by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans bacteria in a flow reactor with and without biomass recirculation at a hydraulic retention time of 3 to 25 days. In contrast to the reactor without biomass recirculation, the time of wastewater retention in the reactor with recirculation did not affect the efficiency of either COD or SO42- removal. The extent of reduction in SO42- varied from 96.2 to 98.7%, while that in COD ranged from 85.5 to 91.1%. The higher performance of the reactor with biomass recirculation may be attributed to the older age of the biomass and a lower pollutant load.

8(3) #42
29 Sep 2005
Horticulture
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The analysis of changeability of plant flowering, photosynthetic activity of the leaves and productivity of the over-ground part and tubers of Helianthus tuberosus was based on the results of a strict field experiment done in the years 2001-2003 in Parczew on light soil, good rye complex. The experiment was carried out using the method of randomized blocks in 3 repetitions. 2 cultivars of Jerusalem artichoke were studied, namely Albik and Rubik, with different morphological and physiological types. The studies evaluated the intensity of flowering and phytosynthetic activity of the plants at anthesis through the measurements of the induction of leaves chlorophyll fluorescence and productivity of plants. Taking into consideration the evaluated indexes of flowering, the length of flowering turned out to be the most stable property, while the maximum efficiency of photosystem PS II in darkness (FV/Fm) proved to be the most stable of the physiological and morphological features. In the conditions of central-east Poland the best value of photosystem PS II in darkness and in light, a higher number of electrons in PS II in the conditions of adjustment to light and higher coefficients of photo-chemical and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching were found out for cultivar Albik, which testifies to big potential efficiency of photosystem II of this cultivar and its potential productivity. Results of measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence point out that they can be considered as indicators for earlier anticipation of Jerusalem artichoke yielding.

8(3) #29
13 Sep 2005
Food Science and Technology
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The emulsifying properties of beta-Lg preparations were dependent on the method the protein was isolated from the sweet whey retentate, protein concentration in emulsion and medium pH. The emulsion stabilized with beta-Lg preparation obtained after salting the protein out with 30% solution at pH 2.0 (beta-Lg 1) had oil droplets with smaller volume surface diameter (dvs) than the emulsions stabilized with the beta-Lg preparation after alfa-lactalbumin isolation from the whey retentate in mild conditions (55 oC/30 min, pH 3.9) (beta-Lg 2). The dvs value for emulsions was found to decline with an increase in the protein concentration from 0.5 to 2.0% and in the pH value from 5.0 to 7.0. Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) decline in dvs value was found for beta-Lg 2 in the whole range of pH and only at pH 5.0 for beta-Lg 1, for which the increase in the concentration above 1.0% was insignificant (p ≤ 0.05) for dvs at pH 6.0 and 7.0. The increase in the medium acidity from pH 7.0 to 6.0 and 5.0 increased significantly (p ≤ 0.05) dvs value only for beta-Lg 1 at the concentration 0.5 to 2.0% and for beta-Lg 2 at the concentration 1.0-2.0% and 0.5% , respectively. Natural fractal dimension (DL) of particles of beta-Lg preparations were almost the same, i.e. 1.31 and 1.32, and their high value reflected developed surface of the protein particles evidenced on electronograms, what was however unimportant to the emulsifying properties.

8(3) #25
05 Sep 2005
Animal Husbandry
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The aim of the study was to estimate the content of functional components of milk in some major cattle breeds. The study was performed in two parts. The first was conducted on Black-and-White (BW) and Polish Red (PR) cows. All animals were kept as one herd at Popielno, and maintained according to the traditional extensive feeding system. Bulk milk samples were used, representing the milk of 349 Simmental cows (SM) cows, maintained and fed in similar conditions to BW and PR animals. The second part included Black-and-White cows upgraded with HF (BW HF) and Simmental cows (SM). Animals of BWHF and SM breed originated from different herds. However, they were maintained and fed according to a similar system, without access to pasture. Milk was examined for antioxidants, CLA and other functional fatty acids as well as FFA and MDA content indicative of milk fat quality. The milk of SM cows maintained according to the traditional system significantly (p≤0.01) exceeded BW and PR for A and E vitamins, as well as C 4:0, C18:2, C20:4, C20:5, and C22:5, while was lower (p≤0.01) than of BW in the case of fat, MDA, FFA and C vitamin (p≤0.01) content. There was a highly significant interaction of breed and season. During the grazing season milk of BW cows contained significantly more (p≤0.01) fat, C vitamin, C18:1 trans 11 and CLA than that of SM. In the case of animals fed TMR diet, milk of SM exceeded significantly (p≤0.01) that of BW HF cows for fat, protein, CLA, C20:4 and C20:5 content, while MDA, FFA, cholesterol and C18:2 content of milk were higher in BW HF animals. Individual variation of CLA content differed among breeds and was the greatest (over 3 fold) in milk fat of BW cows.

8(3) #04
06 Jul 2005
Biology
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The authors studied how genotypic variability within colonies affects their defensive response. Different genetic types of bees were used in the experiments. The influence of the artificially generated within-colony genotypic diversity on the colony defence was investigated. Common stinging assays were performed. Time to the first sting was (TFS) and the number of stings made to the leather target within 2 minutes (NS) were recorded. The contribution of both defensive and gentle workers in the defensive response of the colonies being a physical mix of two such worker types was also studied (film analysis of the bees attacking the target). It was concluded that the within-colony, inter-worker genotypic interactions influenced the colony defense response due to the fact that the quantified value of the colony was usually not the additive composite of diverse worker groups of which the colony was composed. Moreover, the inter-worker interactions were dependent both on the quantified characteristics, which were different for TFS and NS, and on the types of the combined bees. The film analysis revealed that the contribution of defensive/gentle bees to the colony defense only partly reflect the defensive : gentle worker ratio in the colonies composed of such worker types. The contribution also depended on the types of mixed workers.

8(3) #30
14 Sep 2005
Economics
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Basically, women’s empowerment is the process (and its outcomes) in which women – individually and collectively- become active, knowledgeable and goal-oriented actors who take and/ or support initiatives to overcoming gender inequalities. Hence, women’s empowerment refers to a strategy to achieve gender equality as well as to the inherent capacity building processes. Institutional capacity aimed at women’s empowerment is not a clearly defined concept. Yet, effective capacity building requires conceptual clarification and common understanding among institutional actors. Therefore the following questions need to be answered: what do I mean by institutional capacity? How can it be developed? More specifically, how can it contribute to rural women’s empowerment and gender equality?

8(3) #16
17 Aug 2005
Biotechnology
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains isolated from fish and subsurface layers of the Odra Estuary waters were examined. It was evaluated that the increase in faecal contamination of water samples is related to the increase in the total number of yeasts and yeast-like organisms, including S. cerevisiae. RAPD-PCR analysis enabled to distinguish 5 groups of isolates presenting a high level of similarity of their genetic fingerprints. Evaluation of S. cerevisiae cell wall hydrophobic properties, conducted with the MATH method, revealed occurrence of three separate phenotypic groups which expressed the tested property at different level. 87.5% of hydrophobic strains originated from the most polluted area. No correlation between genotypes and hydrophobicity of strains was observed.

8(3) #27
07 Sep 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The studies were carried on 30 black-headed sheep. The sheep were divided into three equal groups. External fixator Maczek mini was used in all groups. In group I fixation with bone fragment pressure was applied, in group II – fixation without pressure and in group III – dynamic-axial fixation. After three months of observation, all sheep were subjected to euthanasia. Callus samples were taken to prepare longitudinal osseous microsections. An analysis of 30 profiles and osseous longitudinal microsections from three group of sheep shows a proper course of ossification in the majority of animals from groups II and III, however callus of poorer quality was observed in some animals from group I.

8(3) #36
21 Sep 2005
Economics
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Effective management of the agricultural enterprise is connected with acceptance of the paradigm, that change is a prominent feature of reality. Marketing management of enterprise is indispensable in conditions of conforming to and broadening rules of a market economy. In this study, determinants of marketing management in agriculture were set. Next, these determinants were analysed in 15 agricultural enterprises. It was concluded from the research that known techniques of management which can increase competition of enterprises are not fully applied. Nevertheless, few analyzed enterprises experience the need for a marketing orientation and thus they made real progress in this matter.

8(3) #20
24 Aug 2005
Environmental Development
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The results of the model tests referring to the water conditions on afforested (formerly arable) lands in Wrocław are presented in this paper. The studies showed that regulated run-off from 90 ha catchments kept groundwater table 50 cm then the non irrigated areas. It was also found that water resources stored in Spring were depleted by June. Its rebuilding in the second part of the vegetation period was possible only when precipitation exceeded the mean value.

8(3) #12
10 Aug 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of this work was to advance the knowledge on the anatomical structure of the sow's udder ( glandula mammaria ) with particular reference to the number of teat glands, their distribution and size as well as the number of teat canals ( ductus papillares ) in each mammilla.

It has been found out that the number of lactiferous ducts ( ductus lactiferi ) goes together with the quality of milk production, it may also affect piglet's preferences in teat choice. It seems worthwhile to conduct selection with the view to uniforming the number of lactiferous sinus and lactiferous ducts in the sow's udder in order to achieve more uniform rearing conditions. The morphometric measurements due to their lack in the literature may be used in further research on the dynamics of swine mammary glands growth in ontogenesis.

8(3) #18
22 Aug 2005
Food Science and Technology
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In order to establish the influence of branching characteristics on thermal properties of starch hydrolysates, phase transitions of samples differing in content of amylose have been compared. Potato starch dissolved in DMSO/water mixture was hydrolysed by crude pullulanase preparation and fractionated by precipitation. The fractions differed in their branching characteristics and after solubilisation and retrogradation gave endotherms at different temperatures. The results prove that even slight changes in branching pattern can cause significant variation in phase transitions. The solvent system used in the experiments seems to stabilize linear glucans for a long time and promote recrystallisation of branched molecules.

8(3) #26
06 Sep 2005
Economics
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The aim of the paper was to present price determinants in enterprises in Warmia and Mazury province. There were also presented main products prices in relation to competitors prices. The survey enabled to answer the question who and which sections of the enterprises take up price decisions. Moreover, in the paper author presented demand situation on main product market. In addition, expected changes in products and prices were presented.

8(3) #40
27 Sep 2005
Civil Engineering
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Soils constitute the subgrade of many building objects. There is thus a justified need to identify the nonhomogeneity of soil parameters. Parameters used in engineering calculations e.g. when checking the limit state (load-bearing capacity and serviceability). The present work gives an assessment of soil nonhomogeneity, Tetiary (Pliocene) clays being taken as an example. Their microstructures, granulometric composition and major engineering-geological features have been analyzed. In the assessment of nonhomogeneity both the coefficient of nonhomogeneity/changeability and the Kagan coefficient have been considered. In the Tables listed are concrete values of the above coefficients. Particular attention has been given to the Kagan coefficient of general nonhomogeneity. Finally, critical values of the nonhomogeneity coefficient γm have been suggested (in Table 4) which can be used for the assessment of soil nonhomogeneity depending on the parameter (feature) analyzed.

8(3) #14
12 Aug 2005
Economics
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Production efficiency of turkey-hen rearing in a farm in Poland during the withdrawal of meat and bone meal from feed mixtures was tested. The component was the main protein and amino acid source in feed mixtures for poultry and pigs until the end of October, 2003. Since 1st November 2003 the applying of meat meals into feed mixtures was forbidden by the terms of pre-accession agreements. The decision was made due to the necessity to meet the EU requirements in feed industry of our country. The study lasted almost a year and showed that the withdrawal of animal meals as protein source from feed mixtures considerably worsened technical, economic and technical, and economic efficiencies in turkey-hen rearing. A substantial increase in production costs resulted in the decrease of profit and profitability ratio in the farm. The increase in feed conversion rate per 1 kg of body weight was the main factor that worsened the rearing efficiency. It meant that feed manufactures had a large problem to compose suitable feed mixtures, which would ensure feed requirements for turkeys and simultaneously would give satisfactory economic returns for producers.

8(3) #05
06 Jul 2005
Wood Technology
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Properties of boards manufactured from rape straw depending on the type of the binding agent and resination rate were investigated in this study. Tests showed that lignocellulose boards with properties similar to particle boards may be produced with the application of UF, PF, MUPF and PMDI resins as agents binding straw particles, while mechanical properties of boards made from rape straw are affected to a larger extent by resination rate than the type of the binding agent. In contrast, the application of isocyanate resin at lower resination rates (6%) makes it possible to produce boards with higher water resistance and improved mechanical properties in comparison to boards manufactured with the other resins and thus it may be used in industrial practice.

8(3) #24
02 Sep 2005
Biology
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In the paper the author attempts to carry out a comparison between the floristic composition and structure of plant communities present in cereal crops of the rural areas of the Siedlce Upland and the floristic composition and structure of the analogue plant communities found in the area of Siedlce, which is the biggest town of this geographic mesoregion. Tables of the following syntaxons were analysed in the comparative analysis: Papaveretum argemones, Papaver argemones-Vicia tetrasperma, Vicietum tetraspermae scleranthetosum and Vicietum teraspermae typicum. It was observed that the urban plant communities had a greater floristic variety, a greater participation of perennial and ruderal species, as well as, a more complex phytosociological structure, with the exception of few typical patches, comprising diagnostic species of various syntaxons.

8(3) #28
08 Sep 2005
Forestry
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If in the site of planting stock production no natural mycorrhization of seedlings can be expected, the controlled mycorrhization of seedlings should be introduced using ectomycorrhizal fungi selected in laboratories. Controlled mycorrhization is, however, associated with a precise dosage and introduction of inoculum of a mycorrhizal fungus to the substratum. Mechanization of this treatment may considerably shorten the whole technological process, and it may have a positive effect on its success. Using a single-seed sowing about 35% of seed material was saved.

8(3) #39
26 Sep 2005
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of this study was to assess the range and dynamics of changes in the muscle tissue structure under the influence of the injection and plastification processes, using the macroscopic image computer analysis technique. Ham muscles (m. biceps femoris) were examined fresh, after being injected with curing brine, in the middle of the adopted massaging time, i.e. after 3 h and 20 min (a total of 1200 rotations of the massage machine drum), and after the massaging process was completed, i.e. after 6 h and 40 min of massaging (a total of 2400 rotations of the massage machine drum). The process of plastification caused changes in the structure on the surface of ham muscles, which resulted in an additional binding of the added brine by the muscle protein and facilitated increased extraction of muscle protein outside the muscle. The changes on the surface of the muscles could be observed thanks to the applied computer analysis of macroscopic images.

8(3) #33
16 Sep 2005
Wood Technology
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The subject of study was determination of maximum values of tensile drying stress in samples of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood in radial direction. In drying stress studies the measurement of maximum stress is axial force, present at cross section of the sample due to complete restraint of shrinkage. In the presented research this assumption was executed in two ways: in the effect of cycle loading of the sample (used in numerous experiments so far) and with the use of extensometer. The research results prove the relationship between the drying stress values and the shrinkage restraint method.

8(3) #32
15 Sep 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The research was carried out on 20 clinically healthy dairy cows characterized by high and low milk production. Blood analysis was performed in order to determine the differences in erythrocyte cell membrane protein concentration in comparison with milk productivity. Statistically significant correlation was found between concentration of erythrocyte membrane protein and milk production in the electrophoresis test of ghost erythrocyte cell membrane protein. In the high milk production animal group, the mean concentration of total spectrin in cell membranes is higher on average by 11.23% (p≤0.001), ancirin 2.1 by 8.37% (p≤0.01) and ancirin 2.3 by 13.47% (p≤0.01) than in the low milk production animal group respectively. No significant differences were observed in the concentration [%] of other erythrocyte cell membrane proteins isolated during electrophoresis.

8(3) #09
12 Jul 2005
Food Science and Technology
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Changes in textural parameters of selected muscles (m. longissimus lumborum - LL, m. semitendinosus - ST, m. semimembranosus - SM, m. biceps femoris - BF) of pure-breed cattle Charolaise (CHL) and two groups of cross breeds: Hereford×Charolaise (HEF×CHL) and Simental×Charolaise (SIM×CHL) taken on the 3rd, 7th and 12th day of post-mortem cold storage were estimated.

Of the four muscles tested, the highest hardness, springiness and chewiness were found in BF, which at the same time showed the highest stringiness, perceptible of connective tissue, cooking loss, and the lowest juiciness. Post mortem ageing resulted in a reduction of hardness, springiness and cooking loss and in an increase of tenderness and purge loss. The rate and dimension of tenderization were relative to the both cattle genotype and muscle tested on the one side, and stage of tenderization on the other.

8(3) #02
04 Jul 2005
Economics
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In the paper the Hicksian hypothesis postulating that technical change is directed first of all at saving of these production factors, the price of which increases faster than the prices of the other factors, is verified in case of French agriculture, 1980-1999. The analysis was performed basing on the two-level CES production function with the use of four main production factors: labour, fixed capital, working capital, and land. It was established that different patterns of technical change were induced by differences in the relative factor prices changes, so the generalized Hicksian hypothesis in French agriculture was confirmed. However, considering only the use of separate pairs of production factors with respect to their prices and to the biases of technical change, indicates areas in which the Hicks conjecture is not satisfied.

8(3) #01
01 Jul 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The goal of the study was to determine the influence of fish-mineral concentrate (KR-M) addition in the amount of 4 and 8% to fodder during the period of pig fattening on the changes of basic blood parameters. Mean values of hematological parameters such as Ht, Hb and most of the biochemical ones such as: glucose, urea, total cholesterol, lipoprotein fraction cholesterol HDL and LDL, liver enzymes: ALT, AST did not differ significantly within the groups. However, in the group that received 8% KR-M, a significant increase of total protein concentration occurred, while total bilirubin and triglycerides decreased. Ca, Mg, P and Fe concentration as well as total iron bonding capability (TIBC) and latent iron bonding capability (UBIC) were statistically significantly higher in experimental groups in comparison with the control group, which proves better bioassimilation of macroelements and iron. A statistically significant decrease of Cu and Zn concentration was found in experimental groups in comparison with the control group, which might result from sorptive properties of aluminosilicates in KR-M. It suggests the necessity of enriching the mixture with Cu and Zn salts.

8(3) #22
26 Aug 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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One-day old 120 Hubbard HI-Y male broiler chickens were assigned to four groups of 30 each and fed either a basal diet (control) or a basal diet supplemented with 5, 10 and 15 g per kg of diet (wt/wt) of ground root of skullcap. After three and six weeks of the experiment, blood samples from ten birds in each group were taken from v. jugularis. In the blood serum, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) levels were measured. The essential differences in the concentration of calcium and iron in the blood serum were shown in growing chicken broilers. The highest Fe concentration was observed in the group fed the highest amount of ground skullcap root (15 g /per kg of diet) in the 42nd day of birds’ life. The concentration of iron increased in relation to the control group by approximately 32 %. Moreover, in the 42nd day of birds’ life, inorganic P and Mg concentration were not found.

8(3) #07
08 Jul 2005
Food Science and Technology
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The principal aim of this study was to determine technological possibility of utilization of condensed porcine blood plasma containing about 21% of protein for production of "Salami" type raw sausages.

These studies were based on evaluation of dynamic of fermentation changes and sensory quality of final products.

Four variants of blood plasma preparations were applied in the study, it means: fresh condensed plasma, fresh condensed plasma modified microbiologically with addition of lactic acid bacteria cultures mixture, fresh condensed blood plasma modified with addition of liquid smoke preparation and dried blood plasma preparation after its water rehydration to the level ensuring total protein content of 21%.

Sausages were next analyzed for content of lactic acid, total amount of volatile low fatty acids, pH-value, content of ethyl alcohol and their sensory acceptance.

The relationships between analyzed chemical quality characteristics and sensory acceptability of experimental sausages were found.

8(3) #41
28 Sep 2005
Agronomy
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In 2000 – 2002 a strict field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of foliar fertilization and/or chemical plant protection on seed yield of two white lupin cultivars, ‘Bardo’ traditional and ‘Katon’ self-completing. The plants were sprayed once at the end of flowering and twice at the beginning and at the end of flowering. 5, 10, 15 and 20% urea solutions were supplemented with a 5% Mikrokompleks and 0.7 dm3·ha-1 of Sarfun (carbendazim), Mikrokompleks + Sarfun or they were used separately each. ‘Bardo’ yielded about 24% higher than ‘Katon’. ‘Bardo’ yielding was most enhanced by Sarfun chemical plant protection, while ‘Katon’ yielding – by all the urea treatments applied with Mikrokompleks + Sarfun. There was observed no significant effect of the foliar fertilization and/or plant protection treatments date and number on the seed yield and most of seed yield components and seed viability and vigor. A double plant spraying at the beginning and at the end of flowering increased significantly 1000 seed weight, only. Positive results of Sarfun application in white lupin seed production suggest that chemical plant protection is of great importance for the potential of this species, while the impact of foliar fertilization with urea + microelements will depend on the availability of macro- and microelements in soil and the effectiveness of symbiosis.


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