EJPAU, 2006, Volume 9, Issue 1

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9(1) #01
02 Jan 2006
Horticulture
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On the basis of conducted experiments on the rooting of dawn redwood cuttings it was found that the application of Seradix B No 1 mixed with Kaptan Zawiesinowy 50 (1:1, v:v) increased the number of rooted cuttings by 14.5% in comparison to the control. Moreover, an advantageous effect of the growth stimulator was observed on the number of secondary roots on a cutting. However, the application of a growth promoter did not have a marked effect on their length. Incision wounding of cuttings at their base had an adverse effect on the rooting percentage and the length of secondary roots. It results from the conducted observations that at the position of the incision wounding roots are not formed. It can be seen from the performed cross-section that dawn redwood regenerates roots from the cambium (cambial ring) and not from the callus. For this reason the labour-intensive procedure of incision wounding of cuttings is not recommended in the propagation of dawn redwood. The effect of two factors, i.e. incision wounding of cuttings and the application of a growth regulator, on the rhizogenesis process in dawn redwood was investigated in this study.

9(1) #02
03 Jan 2006
Biology
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Probing behaviour of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.) on agarose-sucrose gels containing gramine at concentrations between 0.01 mM and 100 mM was examined using the EPG, electrical penetration graph technique.

The following effects were recorded: the decrease in the number of probes, extension of the pathway phases, representing the penetration of leaf tissues by the aphid stylets and subsequent probing before reaching phloem and a strong reduction of the phases E1, E2 and G reflecting the activities of the stylets within the phloem and xylem elements as the consequence of increase in the gramine content in the gels.

Accordingly, gramine appears to be the ‘anti-feedant’ compound towards the grain aphid. Its role as a probing stimulant for the aphid is discussed.

9(1) #03
09 Jan 2006
Forestry
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The article presents the attempt to establish connections between the shape of cones and the weight, number and colour of seeds coming from one stand. The author suggested choosing pine (Pinus sylvestris) seeds of the best cultivation characteristics before extraction, paying attention to the shape of cones, and after extraction basing on the weight and colour of seeds. In addition, the author studies the distribution of dark and light seeds on cone scales.

9(1) #04
11 Jan 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of a study was to determine the impact of unfavorable storage conditions on physico-chemical, sensory and microbiological parameters of homogenized sausage kept at near cryoscopic temperature (n.c.t.). Post production the sausages were kept at 4°C for 12h (group I) or at 12°C for 48h (II) and 96h (III). Subsequently, all the products were stored at n.c.t. (-3.6±0.2°C) for 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Unfavorable conditions the sausages were exposed prior the cryoscopic storage, reflected to their increased acidity and free amino group content along with the decrease in free nitrates (III). They however changed neither the color nor the rheological parameters and total sensory value of the products studied. Moreover, the cryoscopic storage positively affected the microbiological quality of sausages analyzed.

9(1) #05
13 Jan 2006
Biology
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Black cherry, Prunus serotina (Ehrh) is one of the invasive plant species that, for its ability to negatively affect local plant communities, may deserve particular attention and control measures. The authors present species composition of Coleoptera found on P.serotina in two habitats in SW part of Poland. It is the first record of this kind from Poland.

9(1) #06
02 Feb 2006
Environmental Development
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The aim of the study has been to determine the effect of soil contamination with zinc on the activity of soil enzymes. The study consisted of two laboratory experiments. Same, light loamy soil of pH 7.1, was used in both experiments. The variables in the first experiment were: a degree of soil contamination with zinc in mg Zn kg-1 d.m. of soil: 0, 5, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000; dose of cellulose in g kg-1 d.m. of soil: 0, 15, and time of soil incubation (15 – 120 days). In the second experiment the following variables were tested: the degree of soil contamination with zinc in mg Zn kg-1 d.m. of soil: 0, 1000 and 2000; soil pH: 7.1, 6.4 and 5.5, and the time of soil incubation (15 – 120 days).

The results of the experiments demonstrated that contamination of soil with zinc led to depressed activity of dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. Dehydrogenases and urease appeared to be more vulnerable to zinc contamination than phosphatases. The soil enzymes were adversely affected not only by zinc contamination but also by increasing soil acidity. According to their vulnerability to soil acidity the soil enzymes can be ordered as follows: dehydrogenases > urease > alkaline phosphatase > acid phosphatase. Cellulose added to soil (15 g kg-1) proved to be a good factor in the improvement of soil biochemical properties, although it did not limit the effects produced by zinc.

9(1) #07
06 Feb 2006
Biotechnology
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The influence of various concentrations of T-2 toxin on the growth ability and fermentation activity of brewing yeasts was examined. Four cultures of top and bottom fermenting yeast strains were maintained in YEPG medium containing T-2 toxin at the concentration of 2,5; 5; 10; 15; 20 i 50 μg·ml-1. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) and biomass yield were determined. Concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 μg T-2·ml-1 were selected for the fermentation of malt wort. During top (20-22°C) and bottom fermentation (12-14°C), the following were examined: physiological condition of yeasts, fermentation dynamics and the degree of utilisation of amino acid nitrogen and the extract. It was observed that the presence of T-2 toxin in the medium resulted in lowered specific growth rate and biomass yield. T-2 toxin had an unfavourable influence on the physiological condition of yeasts and disrupted the mechanism of the intake of extract components, including amino acid nitrogen, which affected the dynamics of fermentation. Top fermenting yeasts, esp. S. cervisiae 46 strain, were more susceptible to T-2 toxin than bottom fermenting yeasts.
9(1) #08
15 Feb 2006
Economics
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The study investigates relationship between monetary poverty and demographic and socio-economic characteristics of farmers’ households in Poland. The empirical analyses are based on the Household Budget Survey carried out by the Central Statistical Office. In order to indicate the group of high risk of poverty binary choice models are applied. Unlike simple arrangements presented in tables these methods allow estimate of “pure” effects of household attributes. The analysis of determinants of poverty provides meaningful insight into the relevance of various policies, such as the feasibility of using targeting devices.

9(1) #09
16 Feb 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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Morphometric variation of the common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 was studied in the Łęgucki Młyn/Popielno hybrid zone in north-eastern Poland. The shrews of both races and their hybrids were measured. Seventeen cranial and external measurements in 105 young shrews were analysed. Based on the results of canonical analysis and multidimensional scaling we propose a hypothesis on morphometric differences between hybrids and non-hybrids. They may involve three skull parameters: length of the upper and lower dental series, and the length of the upper row of molariform teeth.

9(1) #10
17 Feb 2006
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of present work was to evaluate the influence of extrusion parameters on chemical composition of seeds of five bean cultivars. Milled seeds were moisturized to 14% or 20%, and processed in single screw extruder at 120 or 180°C. On raw material and extrudates the following analyzes were performed: protein, lipids, TDF, SDF and IDF content. Also content of starch, ash and mineral compounds was analyzed. The content of analyzed compounds in 100g of dry basis of not processed bean varied depending on cultivar, in the range: 23.9–29.8 g of protein, 1.54–1.78 g of lipids, 59.9–68.4 g of total carbohydrates, 32.2–39.6 g of starch, 20.6–24.5 g of TDF and 3.81–4.21 g of ash. After extrusion the content of these compounds was as follows: 23.8–30.2 g of protein, 1.41–1.82 g of lipids, 53.1–60.7 g of total carbohydrates, 28.7–35.0 g of starch, 3.64–4.03 g of ash and 19.5–23.8 g of TDF. Extrudates obtained from higher moisture raw material had higher content of lipids, total carbohydrates and insoluble dietary fiber in comparison to extrudates from lower moisture raw material. Except higher moisture also lower temperature of process influenced of better preservation of mentioned above components. There was no significant influence of extrusion parameters on minerals content.

9(1) #11
20 Feb 2006
Horticulture
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A field experiment was conducted in central-eastern Poland in the years 1999-2003. It analyzed the effect of catch crop green fertilizers on soil humidity in a three-year-long crop vegetable rotation (white cabbage, onion, red beet). Oats, field pea and spring vetch cultivated in pure sowing and as mixtures were used as green fertilizers. The effect of green manures was compared with ploughed in farmland manure in the dose of 25 t·ha-1 and the control without any organic fertilization. White cabbage was grown in the first year after organic fertilization, onion – in the second and red beet – in the third.

9(1) #12
21 Feb 2006
Agricultural Engineering
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HMB (2-hydroxy-4-(methythio)butanoic acid), which is the precursor of methionine in the organism, is widely used in the production of industrial feeds as an addition supplementing the deficiency of methionine proper. HMB does not have any amino group, which is the reason why it cannot be marked within the analysis of the aminoacidic composition using the reaction with ninhydrine reagent. In the method of marking HMB using HPLC technique the conditions of chromatographic division were modified. The applied system of chromatographic columns and movable and eluating phases enabled effective separation of HMB from the elements of differentiated matrixes of industrial feed mixtures. The analytical proceedings are characterized by good validation parameters, i.e. high selectivity, high repeatability and a high degree of recovery of contents occurring in the production practice of industrial feeds ranging from 0.05 to 0.4%.

9(1) #13
22 Feb 2006
Biology
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Observations carried out in south-western Poland revealed that Prunus serotina (Ehrh), invasive plant species new to Poland, became a suitable food source for 10 polyphagous lepidopteran species, including one protected species: scarce swallowtail, Iphiclides podalirius L.

9(1) #14
23 Feb 2006
Environmental Development
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Mycological analyses were carried out on air samples collected with the sedimentation and impactor methods. Fungi were assayed in atmospheric air sampled in the city centre of Olsztyn and in the forest at Lake Kortowskie. The experiment aimed at evaluating the contamination of atmospheric air with fungal microflora in the city centre of Olsztyn (3 stations) and in the forest at Lake Kortowskie (one station), collected with the sedimentation and impactor methods. Differentiated population numbers of fungi, reported in the atmospheric air of the city of Olsztyn, appeared to depend, to a great extent, on meteorological conditions.

9(1) #15
24 Feb 2006
Biotechnology
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The objective of the study was to examine the potential of Yarrowia lipolytica A-101-1.31 growth control via the concentration of the nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur source, as well as to assess the efficiency of each source separately and under simultaneous deficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus.

The experimental study has produced the following findings: nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur enabled the control of Y.lipolytica A-101-1.31 growth. Citric acid biosynthesis occurred irrespective of the growth-limiting factor used. The yeast cells produced citric acid with the desired efficiency only under conditions of nitrogen (qCAg=0.071 gg-1h-1) or sulphur (YCAP=0.74 gg-1) deficiency. The smallest changes in the elemental composition were observed when the yeast grew under nitrogen limitation. Elemental composition variations were the most distinct when the yeast biomass was cultivated under phosphorus deficiency. A low deficiency of phosphorus in the nitrogen deficient had a stimulating effect on the acid-producing of the growing cells (qCAg=0.089 gg-1h-1).

9(1) #16
27 Feb 2006
Wood Technology
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The effect of pine particle moisture content (within the 2÷25% range) on properties of particleboards resinated with PMDI was investigated in this study. The conducted investigations showed that along with an increase in particle moisture content (up to 15%) an improvement is observed in the mechanical properties of manufactured boards, i.e. modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond. No significant effect was found for particle moisture content on water resistance of boards, measured by their swelling in thickness after 24h and internal bond after the boiling test.

9(1) #17
01 Mar 2006
Agronomy
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The pot experiment examined the effect of varied doses of herbicides, namely Izoturon 500 SC (500 g isoproturon), Aminopielik Super 464 SL (344 g 2,4-D and 120 g dicamba) and Rokituron D 470 SC (250 g isoproturon, 200 g 2,4-D and 20 g dicamba) on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the soil and in spring wheat plants. The pots were filled with black earth of the granulometric composition of light lessive clay containing 1.2 – 1.8% of humus. Water emulsions of the herbicides studied were introduced into the soil at the standard, 5-fold and 25-fold higher doses, after which spring wheat was sown. The measurements of soil and plant phosphatase activities were made at respective wheat development phases. The results obtained revealed that the herbicides used significantly stimulated the activity of acid phosphatase in the soil and, at the beginning of vegetation period – also in wheat plants, as well as alkaline phosphatase in the soil. The higher the doses of Izoturon 500 SC and Rokituron D 470 SC were used, the greater was the inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity in wheat. The correlation coefficients indicated no relationships between the changes in the activity of soil and plant phosphatases following the application of the standard and 5-fold higher dose of Izoturon 500 SC and Rokituron D 470 SC. However there was observed a significant correlation between the phosphatases activity in the soil after the application of those herbicides as well as Aminopielik Super 464 SL at the dose 25-fold higher than the standard. The activity of alkaline phosphatase in the soil following Aminopielik Super 464 SL application at all the doses applied was positively correlated with the activity of the alkaline phosphatase in wheat.

9(1) #18
02 Mar 2006
Food Science and Technology
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Eight important red wine grape varieties (Alicante, Kuntra Karasakiz, İrikara, Gabarnet Franch, Cinsaut, Gamay, Merlot and Syrah) which are use for production for red wine by Doluca winery were analyzed. The highest AA (percentage of inhibition on peroxidation in linoleic acid system) was obtained in Gabarnet Franch and Merlot extracts as 90.25% and 90.15% respectively. The lowest AA was determined in İrikara (83.20%) which had the lowest phenol content. Total phenol content (TP) was varied between 1376 (İrikara) and 2329 µg × ml-1 GAE equivalent in methanol extracts (Merlot). Total anthocyanin content (TA) was ranged from 253.5 mg × kg-1 (İrikara) to 2488.4 mg × kg-1 (Alicante). The lowest PPO activity was found in Merlot (0.070 U × ml-1 × min) and the highest activity in Gamay (1.155 U × ml-1 × min). Total sugar content in the analyzed varieties was changed from 15.30% (Syrah) to 22.64 (Merlot). The examinations showed that AA and TP significant correlation (r2 = 0.854**) but less significantly related with TA (r2 = 0.263).

9(1) #19
03 Mar 2006
Horticulture
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A field experiment was conducted in the years 2003-2004 on a field of 10-years’ soybean monoculture, with naturally accumulated infection material in the soil. Soybean of ‘Mazovia’ was the object of studies. Before the sowing the seeds were dressed, and at the beginning of anthesis the plants were sprayed with biopreparations Polyversum, Biosept 33 SL and Biochikol 020 PC. The experiment considered the combination with dressing the seeds by means of Zaprawa Oxafun T (a.s. carboxine 37.5% + tiuram 37.5%) and spraying the plants with fungicide Bravo Plus 500 S.C. (a.s.: chlorotalonile 50%). The seeds that were not dressed constituted the control. During the vegetation the number and healthiness of soybean plants were determined twice (in the seedling phase and at anthesis), at the same time a laboratory mycological analysis was carried out. After the harvest the studies established the size and quality of the seed yield of soybean growing in particular experimental combinations.

The best number of plants was obtained in the combination with Biosept 33 SL, slightly weaker after applying Polyversum or Zaprawa Oxafun T, and the worst in the control combination. Biosept 33 SL and the fungicide were the most effective in protecting the plants from infection by soil-borne fungi. Polyversum and Biochikol 020 PC also showed a good protective effect. The greatest seed yield was collected from soybean plants after applying Biosept 33 SL, while the lowest – from control plants. Soybean plants were mainly infected by Fusarium spp.,A. alternate, P. exigua, R. solani and P. irregulare. Those fungi were most frequently isolated from control plants, and the least frequently after applying Biosept 33 SL or Polyversum. The proportion of pathogenic fungi (P. sojae, Fusarium spp., S. sclerotiorum, P. exigua) in seed infection of soybean was the smallest in the combinations with Biosept 33 SL or Zaprawa Oxafun T, while the biggest in the control.

9(1) #20
06 Mar 2006
Biotechnology
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A new criterion was proposed to evaluate the process of citric acid biosynthesis by the acetate negative mutant strain Yarrowia lipolytica AWG-7 cultivated on glucose syrup by the repeated-batch method. This criterion imparts the same weight to the overall amount of the citric acid production and to the trend in citric acid concentration. To determine the optimum levels of bacto-peptone, ammonium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate which maximize the proposed objective function, a central composite design was developed using 50 ml repeated-batch fermentation. The design involved 20 processes conducted with various combinations of the five values of these three parameters. The experiments produced empirical values of the proposed criterion which were then approximated with the fourth-order polynomial. It was found that the optimal concentrations of bacto-peptone, ammonium chloride, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate equaled 8.5; 159.8 and 65 mgl-1, respectively.

9(1) #21
07 Mar 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chloroorganic insecticides interfere with gas chromatographic analysis, thereby complicating their quantitative determination when multiple compounds are assayed. Perchlorination of the standards of the chlorinated compounds was used to simplify quantitative determination of these contaminants. Results indicate that perchlorination converts PCBs to a single compound (decachlorobiphenyl – DCB) that does not interfere with the assay for chloroorganic insecticides. These data confirm that perchlorination allows for simultaneous testing of both PCBs and chloroorganic insecticides during chromatographic analysis.

9(1) #22
07 Mar 2006
Civil Engineering
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In the modern civil engineering an important role play new materials like composites and laminates. In this paper the object of analysis is a behaviour of periodic, micro-laminated two-component elastic solids. The modelling question is how to describe both micro- and macro-response of linear elastic periodic laminate. In order to answer this question we propose a new model of the solid under consideration. In contrast to the higher-order homogenization model, [3,4], the model is based on some heuristic physical assumptions rather than on the formal asymptotic expansions. The main result is that under certain conditions the obtained model equations can be decomposed into equations describing behaviour of a laminate independently on a macro- and micro-level. This decomposition holds for the laminates with a weak transversal inhomogeneity which will be defined in the paper.

9(1) #23
08 Mar 2006
Wood Technology
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The effects of preliminary acid treatment and magnesium sulfate addition during hydrogen peroxide kraft pulp bleaching was evaluated. The magnesium retention level is similar after the acid treatment and after chelation. Independently of differences in native magnesium contents in pulp the addition of magnesium sulfate stabilizes hydrogen peroxide and limits its ability for delignification. Magnesium charge should be optimized for each type of pulp. Too low or too high level of magnesium causes the decrease of brightness and limits delignification. While the excess of magnesium does not influence negatively the degree of polymerization of cellulose.

9(1) #24
10 Mar 2006
Economics
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In this paper the problem of poverty in the new countries of the EU is investigated. The issue of poverty before and after social transfers is discussed. Also presented are some of the social exclusion indicators pertinent to this analysis. The analysis has shown, that poverty results in social exclusion, as it impedes the performance of social roles and the use of public goods and social infrastructure. Average monetary poverty threat indicators for Poland are similar to values for the EU; but the median level of income in the European Union is three times higher than it is in Poland and product baskets vary considerably at the poverty threshold.

9(1) #25
13 Mar 2006
Fisheries
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The possibility of using sturgeon as a stock component during the rearing of pike (Esox lucius L.) fry in tanks was determined. The experiment was conducted in two stages. In the first, pike fry with a body weight of 0.1 g were reared in monoculture and polyculture with a sturgeon component comprising 40 and 80% of the pike biomass. In the second phase, pike fry weighing an average of 3 g were reared in monoculture and polyculture with a sturgeon component comprising 10 and 20% of the pike biomass. The introduction of the sturgeon improved feed utilization and lowered feed conversion ratios from 1.4 to 0.8 in the older pike group (statistically significant difference at P < 0.05). In experiment stage II, the pike fry reared in polyculture with sturgeon attained statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher body growth in comparison with the monoculture variant. Pike survival was the lowest in the monoculture at 72.1 and 91.4% in stages I and II of the experiment, respectively. With regard to the smaller fry, this was due primarily to cannibalism with such losses comprising over 50% of the total losses throughout rearing. Survival in the polycultures was as much as 12% higher. The authors believe that the possibility of rearing these two species together stems from their different behavior and feeding strategy. Another benefit was that the labor-intensive removal of feed not consumed by the pike fry was lowered which meant that there was minimal interference in the tank during rearing.

9(1) #26
14 Mar 2006
Food Science and Technology
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Feruloylated arabinoxylans, obtained after enzymatic hydrolysis of arabinoxylans present in cereal by-products of food industry, can become a very attractive group of natural antioxidants that can be supplemented to human diet. In “in vitro” models, feruloylated arabinoxylans are more effective antioxidants towards low density lipoproteins oxidation and DPPH* free radicals “scavengers” than free ferulic acid. One possible way of obtaining bulk amounts of feruloylated arabinoxylans from industrial by-products (brewery’s spent grain, sugar beet pulp, wheat bran) is application of purified enzymes, xylanase and ferulic acid esterase, but this method is expensive. Another way of obtaining feruloylated arabinoxylans in industrial quantities is application of commercial enzyme preparations possessing many enzymatic activities towards non-starch polysaccharydes. In presented study, five commercial enzyme preparations were used in order to release feruloylated arabinoxylans from brewery’s spent grain: Celluclast, Viscozyme, Shearzyme, Cereflo and Ultraflo. All five enzyme preparations effectively released water-soluble esterified ferulic acid and free ferulic acid from brewery’s spent grain. Application of enzyme preparation Celluclast resulted in the highest yield of feruloylated arabinoxylans and in the lowest yield of free ferulic acid among all five preparations used, probably due to the lack of ferulic acid esterase activity in Celluclast. Enzyme preparations Viscozyme and Shearzyme very effectively released feruloylated arabinoxylans as well as free ferulic acid from brewery’s spent grain. The thermostabilities of xylanases in Viscozyme and Shearzyme were evaluated and attempt to partly inactivate ferulic acid esterases was made. It was proved, that heating of preparations Viscozyme and Shearzyme at 50°C prior addition to brewery’s spent grain resulted in decreased levels of free ferulic acid in solutions, whereas only a moderate decrease of feruloylated arabinoxylans concentrations occurred. In conclusion, it can be stated that enzyme preparations possessing except xylanase activity also ferulic acid esterase activity and other non-starch polysaccharides' hydrolases activities can be effectively used in order to obtain feruloylated arabinoxylans from brewery’s spent grain.

9(1) #27
16 Mar 2006
Economics
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The article discusses the current challenges of world agricultural policy in the context of globalisation of economy. First there is a presentation of the preferences in agricultural production treatment coming from the natural and economic premises. Afterwards basic measures of food policy are described with special consideration of tax-payers money transfer to the farmers. Then one can find most important determinants of restructuring policy instruments in the national and world scale of intervention. Finally we could find some possible solutions in future deliberations regarding inevitable processes and public choice of the societies. Main thesis of the article states that there is a need of liberalisation and deregulation in agricultural policy to meet free-market rules and increase the efficiency of agri-enterprises.

9(1) #28
17 Mar 2006
Animal Husbandry
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The aim of this paper is to initiate nationwide research on trotters, in this case relations between conformation traits of their body and performance features. Material for the research was provided by 60 young trotters registered in the Danish (12) and German (48) herd books of the analysed breeds. The horses were prepared in automn 2004 for taking part in races. Trotters were also subject to 23 zoometric measurements, based on which 15 indices of their body conformation were worked out. Additionally, the evaluation of movement capacity was accomplished, including 1 – step length, its frequency as well as index and speed movement velocityof the analysed horses. Trot was repeated 3 times (starting with the slowest to the fastest one) on a specially marked part of racetrack. The evaluation of relations between measurements and indices of body conformation of the analysed trotters and their movement capacity parameters indicated the following suggestions:

  • both the range and number of statistically significant dependencies between biometric features of trotters and their movement capacity point to the fact that croup conformation traits and height of individual parts of young growing trotters affect (positively or negatively) their movement capacity in the initial training process,

  • the above tendencies are proved by the level of dependencies of body conformation with movement capacity parameters including a great number of statistically significant relations concerning proportions in the croup conformation (indices “shoulder part length”, “index of joint croup length”), conformation traits of shoulder belt (“shoulder part length” and “selected parts of forelimb”) as well as the rate of reconformation and chest depth,

  • the carried out research is of introductory character but the range of revealed dependencies fully justify its continuation for young growing trotters as well as trained in subsequent stages of their racing career.

9(1) #29
20 Mar 2006
Civil Engineering
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A method of stiffened plates modeling is being described in the paper. The method consists on dividing a construction into plate elements and stiffeners. Each of these elements is calculated independently, taking unknown forces of co-operation between these elements into consideration. These forces are determined from the conditions of the continuity of displacements on the common surfaces of the plate elements and stiffeners. The plates under consideration are made of ferroconcrete and the stiffeners are on the one side of the plate.

9(1) #30
21 Mar 2006
Economics
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The key role of non-agricultural economic activity in the transformation process as well as in giving up monofunctionality of Polish villages gave rise to the necessity to precisely analyse its character and to define its types. The presented analysis of non-agricultural economic activity was based on interviews with local authorities and on primary data for 1996-2003, gathered from registers of economic activity in offices of thirty-six communes in Mazovian Voivodship (NUTS II). The results of studies showed, however, that complication of social, economic, legal and cultural conditions resulted in quite new types of entrepreneurship run in surveyed communes during transition. The further stage of analysis enabled us to define eight new, untypical (when compared to classical definition) forms of entrepreneurship, which differ considerably from entrepreneurship types described in literature. These are: fictious, constrained and sub-contractual economic activities, economic activity registered alternatively among family members, as well as seasonal, cyclic, occasional and ‘sleeping’ economic activities.

9(1) #31
24 Mar 2006
Civil Engineering
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Plane elastic contact for a rigid flat-ended punch and a half-space with rough boundary is studied. Taking into account friction forces it is shown that a partial slip near punch edges can exist. The size of the slip zone is unknown and depends on the contact parameters. The problem is reduced to the system of integral equations, which are being solved numerically.

9(1) #32
27 Mar 2006
Environmental Development
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In Poland, soils contaminated with cadmium constitute about 1.6 % of arable lands whereas in the śląskie province they make up 21.5 % of agricultural lands. Because of the fact that the metal is counted among the most dangerous environmental poisons, research was undertaken to determine soil properties most impacting plant growth and their ability of cadmium accumulation.

The studies were conducted as a pot experiment on 15 soils diversified as to their properties, which might affect solubility of cadmium contained in them and its bioavailability. Oats, rape and maize were cultivated in each of the soils.

Sensitivity of the tested plant species to soil requirements and ability for cadmium accumulation by plants were decreasing in the following order: rape > maize > oats. From among the tested soil properties acidification most affected the uptake and accumulation of cadmium in rape, whereas soil organic carbon concentration affected it to a lesser degree. Cadmium uptake by rape was increasing with the growth of these soil properties. Oats and rape developed mechanisms alleviating the results of soil properties affecting cadmium adsorption from the substratum.

9(1) #33
28 Mar 2006
Economics
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The paper shows the problems of the price policy of horticultural seed companies operating on the Polish market in the trade seasons from 1999/2000 to 2004/2005. It characterizes different strategies of seed companies, the way of calculating seed price by them and a role of the price in fighting down competition. It shows how a seed bag size affected the elements of final seed price, margin and earning level.

9(1) #34
29 Mar 2006
Animal Husbandry
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Tested were 1788 purebred Arabian fillies and colts raced during the following periods: I (seasons 1927-1939), II (seasons 1946-1961) and III (seasons 1962-1992). There were divided into groups according to quantities of horses submitted to performance trials (more than 20 heads, 5-20 and less than 5 ones). It was found, that in greater herds more often occurred extreme values of coefficients of success per head. The highest value was observed in the I period and resulted 1.73.

9(1) #35
30 Mar 2006
Agronomy
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A vegetation experiment (88 days) studied the effect of soil contamination with fly ash produced in hard coal combustion (0.0; 33.3; 66.6; 99.9 g·kg-1 of soil) on the physicochemical properties of soil, the yield of oat (Borowiak) and maize (Reduta), selected soil bacteria count and the activity of soil enzymes: dehydrogenases, urease, alkaline and acid phosphatases. Oat was grown as the main crop and maize – as the successive crop. Two doses of nitrogen fertilisation were applied: 75 and 150 mg N·kg-1 of soil. Physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological analyses were conducted twice – after oat and maize harvest. A study of the ash-contaminated soil revealed an increase in the soil content of C, N, K, Mg, P, Ca, Na, Cu and Ni, the soil alkalisation, disturbed microbiological balance and reduced activity of dehydrogenases, urease and acidic phosphatase.

9(1) #36
31 Mar 2006
Fisheries
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The reintroduction of whitefish to Puck Bay generates a great demand for its autumn fry. This results in attempts to find new solutions that would enhance local stocking potential. One of such solutions is to use the zooplankton grown in treated wastewater as the food for whitefish fry. This report presents the variability of zooplankton species composition and biomass growing in the effluent of the sewage treatment plant located in Swarzewo, Poland. Filtered zooplankton was used to feed whitefish fry reared in a seawater-filled pond during May to September, 2003. Food analysis of the fry has demonstrated that the zooplankton was highly preferred as food, both in terms of quality and quantity. Daphnia longispina was the dominant food item over the entire period; however, in September Neomysis integer played a similar role. The weight of the supplied zooplankton outweighed the daily requirement of the fry many fold during May-June, providing enough food for the current stocking density over the remaining months. At the end of September, the juveniles with a mean length of 128.4 mm and a body weight of 20.6 g were released to Puck Bay.


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