EJPAU, 2003, Volume 6, Issue 1

The method of 3-dimensional, transient heat transfer calculation through partitions touching the ground (floor and walls) was presented. The effect of a fruit cold storage plant floor depth and thermal insulation on heat gains during storage period was analysed. Results of calculations show the great disadvantage of partly underground location and lack of floor insulation of cold storage in comparison with traditional fruit stores. Insulating the floor with foamed polystyrene 10 cm thick reduces total heat gains during the whole cold storage season by as much as about 40% and several times lowers demand of necessary power of cold-storage plant at the beginning of storage period.

The paper presents the results of studies on the changes of tensions taking place in the process of humidification of soybean seeds, Poland cv. Before humidification, which was performed at different temperatures, the material was heated with infrared heating. It was stated on the basis of the studies that treating the seeds with infrared heating was the cause of considerable decrease of the values of recorded pressures. The pressures appearing in the course of humidification of the thermally treated seeds were approximately 10 times as low in comparison with the pressures recorded while humidifying the seeds that were not subjected to any treatment.

The article proposes the original way of evaluating the distribution of granular mixture particles after mixing by funnel-flow system. On the basis of graphical analysis of the picture first the observation of value changes of variances in particles distribution along radius of mixer cross sections has been made. Basing on chosen cases of mixing steel and mustard particles it has been shown that the character of these changes is different for various mixing ways. It can be described approximately by non-linear mathematical functions. Similarity between the distributions variances and the applied non-linear functions depends on the correlation coefficient. To describe properties of mixing granular materials geostatical functions (G, , K) have also been adopted and presented. The application of this method has also been shown for tracer distribution in the mixer. The results of investigation for particular functions have bee

Field and laboratory experiments aimed at the assessment of the impact of diluted methyl alcohol applied overhead 4-5 times in one-week intervals on growth and yield of tomato, bean, sugar beet, oil seed rape, as compared to supplemental irrigation. The photosynthetic activity was measured in situ with an LC-4 gas analyser. The crops when treated with methanol solutions yielded 20-30% higher than the control. The yield increases were comparable to those caused by supplemental irrigation. The increased biomass synthesis caused either by irrigation or methanol application was due to enhanced carbon dioxide assimilation, transpiration, leaf conductivity, and higher activity of nitrate reductase and alkaline phosphatase.

The pot experiment investigated the effect of varied soil moisture (60-70% and 30-35% of capillary water capacity) from flowering through pod setting, on the intensity of photosynthesis, transpiration, intercellular CO₂ and stomatal conductance, some biometrics, seed weight per plant of different pea forms ('Jaspis', traditional cultivar and ‘RRRbRb’, homozygotic izoline) and yellow lupin ('Teo', traditional cultivar, and ‘Markiz’, self-completing cultivar). The research results showed that in the objects with a lowered moisture of 30-35% capillary water capacity of soil, the intensity of photosynthesis decreases, as well as that of transpiration, intercellular concentration of CO₂ and stomatal conductance in pea and yellow lupin. In the conditions of water deficit, the seed weight per plant in yellow lupin cultivars tested decreased significantly, while the seed weight per plant in the pea forms researched did not vary significantly.

Over 1998-2000 field experiments were carried out to define the effect of various organic fertilisers and the tillage methods on the content of nitrogen in soil and yielding and the quality of ‘Ibis’ potato tubers. The research showed that fertilising the potato with manure or white mustard stubble intercrop enhanced the tuber yield and decreased their accumulation of nitrate nitrogen. Manure as compared with other fertilisers tested ensures also the best health status of tubers after harvest and after storage. However barley straw facilitates nitrate nitrogen liberation and its increase in tubers and deteriorates their storage life, causing an increase in rots. On the other hand, ploughless tillage (with cultivator) decreases the yield and causes tuber infection with common scab, increasing the nitrates in topsoil and in potato tubers and total losses after storage.

The article presents the response of an open pollinated cultivar ‘Warko’ and a hybrid cultivar ‘Esprit’ of winter rye grown on good rye soil suitability complex to delayed sowing date, NPK fertilisation levels, fertilisation with microelements and weed control. The experiment was established in a half replication k^n-1 type design. The hybrid cultivar ‘Esprit’ produced yields that were on average 18% higher than those obtained from the open pollinated cultivar ‘Warko’. Delaying the date of sowing by two weeks decreased the winter rye yields by about 10%. The response of both cultivars of rye to the sowing date was identical. The effectiveness of yield increase under the influence of the maximum fertilisation rate was higher for the open pollination cultivar ‘Warko’. Chemical weed control of rye saved 0.24 t grain per ha. The yield of winter rye was determined by the number of ears per 1 m² and 1000 seed weight. However, the contribution of these two grain yield componen

The present paper covers economic analysis (concerning energy and cost aspects) of rye production technologies employing different cultivars, sowing dates, NPK fertilisation, microelements nourishment and weed control. Intensive production of rye using a hybrid cultivar, early sowing and NPK fertilisation at 176 kg·ha^-1 produced 46% higher yields compared to extensive technologies involving open pollination cultivars and low fertiliser rates. The highest energy consumption in winter rye production was caused by NPK fertilisation. Intensive technologies were less energy-effective than extensive methods. The direct costs of growing 1 ha of rye in extensive technologies equalled 2.2 – 2.9 t grain. In intensive technologies direct costs were returned at yields as high as 3.9 – 4.6 t per ha. The yield value increment resulting from more intensive production methods did not cover completely the increase in direct costs. Therefore, the surplus of production in intensive technolog

In order to compare the effect of organic and mineral fertilization of various soil types, long-term fertilization experiments frequently use indices, being a function of various parameters considered simultaneously; the content of organic carbon, microbiological parameters and soil enzymatic activity. The aim of the present research was to define soil fertility based on the values of Biochemical Soil Fertility Index (B). The index has been formulated based on the research results obtained: enzymatic activity, content of organic carbon and total nitrogen. The research material was sampled from topsoil of a many-year experiment which included varied organic and mineral fertilization, established on typical lessive soil. Soil samples were collected in 1998 from winter wheat stand, four times over the vegetation period. The following enzymes were determined: dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatases, proteases and amylases. Additionally C_org and N_total and pH in 1 M KC

The effect of rapeseed oil supplementation of wheat straw (WS), wood cellulose (CEL) and Total Mixed Ration (TMR) on the degradation of dry matter, ADF and NDF in the rumen was determined using the in sacco method. Rapeseed oil addition resulted in a significant (p<0.05) reduction of degradation of fibre fraction (NDF and ADF) in the rumen, especially after 6- and 12-hour incubation and significant (p<0.05) decrease of effective (dg) degradability of NDF and ADF in wheat straw and wood cellulose. However, there were no significant (p >0.05) effect of oil supplementation on effective degradability (Dg) of dry matter of all the tested feeds. The differences between control (without oil) and lower level of oil of fat supplementation were much higher than the differences between lower and higher level of oil addition.

Udders and teats conformation changes that undergo in subsequent lactations were analysed with regard to mastitis. The studies included 97 Black-and-White and Red-and-White cows managed in a herd of an average annual yield of 10,000 kg of milk, in one of the leading specialist farms located in south-west Poland. First lactation cows are characterised by relatively low somatic cell counts in milk, lower than multiparous cows. SCC in the milk of third lactation cows, compared to milk of primiparous cows, increased over five-fold (at p Ł

The following parameters of bulk raw milk, destined for processing were determined: percentage content of fat, protein, milk solids, quantity of fat and protein units and quality class of each batch of raw milk according to PN. The analysis included the results of monthly tests of raw milk for 2002. The mean values of chemical components of bulk milk and of the calculated indices of technological suitability of raw milk: for butter and cheese production, were estimated. The obtained results allowed determination of an average chemical composition of raw milk, specific of the central Poland and its technological suitability, depending on feeding season, size of deliveries and quality class of the purchased raw milk. The co-relationships between the examined properties were determined.

Blue dun colour with no white markings represents a trait of the Polish Konik horse breed. However, in spite of long-term selection, non-blue-dun individuals, and those with the markings have still been appearing. The aim of this study was to analyse the genetic structure of the Polish Konik population with respect to coat colour and, on this basis, to propose improved methods of selection. The material comprised Polish Konik horses registered in all eight volumes of the studbook published so far.

Changes in content of cyanogenic glycosides and in cyanogenesis potential within the bird cherry leaves during occurrence of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. and while its spring host-plants alternation have been studied. The highest content of the cyanogenic glycosides and the highest cyanogenesis potential was found in the youngest leaves of the primary host during occurrence of the first fundatrices. When the aphid population started to build up, a decrease in content of the cyanogenic glycoside and in the cyanogenesis potential was observed. Finally, when the winged migrants began to fly off from the primary host onto cereals, pretty low amount of the plant xenobiotics was recorded within the bird cherry leaves. Possible role of the cyanogenesis in host alternation of the bird cherry-oat aphid is discussed.

The aim of the research was to investigate the possibility of the use of interspecific hybrids of yeast in ethanol fermentation of media containing xylose. Distilling yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae D43, xylose fermenting yeast Yamadazyma stipitis ATCC 58376 and their hybrids: YD43-4, YD43-6, YD43-11 and YD43-12 were used as biological material. The parental strain Yamadazyma stipitis ATCC 58376 produced 0.389 g ethanol from 1 g xylose. The hybrids YD43-6 and YD43-11 did not statistically differ from Yamadazyma stipitis in respect to efficiency of ethanol from xylose, but produced less xylitol. In the model medium, with the ratio of glucose to xylose (7:3) corresponding to lignocellulitic hydrolysates, the hybrid YD43-6 produced the most ethanol (0.377 g/g).

Continuous cultures of Carnobacterium divergens AS7 with cell recycling were characterized with respect to their growth kinetics, fermentative activity and ability to biosynthesize the anti-listerial bacteriocin divercin. The experimental variables were dilution rates from 0.14 h^-1 to 0.36 h^-1 and a two-level recycling rate. The experiments demonstrated that dilution rate and cell recycling strongly influenced cell density in a bioreactor. With an increase in dilution rate, an increase in cell density was also observed. At D=0.36 h^-1 the maximum cell density of 48 g d.m. l^-1 was obtained. With long fermentation time and high cell density, the number of dead cells rapidly increased. In these experiments, when cell density increased 10-fold, the number of viable cells increased only 2-fold. It was found that divercin biosynthesis was reciprocally correlated to dilution rate. The greater dilution rate, the lower the volumetric productivity of

The aim of the research was to develop a method of obtaining yeast extracts to the needs of food industry. The yeast extracts were enriched in nucleotide flavour enhancers (5’-GMP and 5’-IMP) obtained from brewery spent yeast. The influence of the directed brewery yeast cell autolysis, preceded by ultrasonic yeast cells’ disintegration and a cytolytical enzymes complex (Lyticase), 5’- phosphodiesterase (5’PD) and 5’-adenylic deaminase (5’DA), on the 5’-nucleotides content in the extracts, was evaluated. It was proved that in the spent brewery yeast there was a lysis of nucleic acids into 5’-nucleotides and deamination of the majority of 5’-AMPs into 5’-IMPs. By ultrasonic disintegration, the production of 5’-nucleotides could be increased with a parallel decrease in the level of hypoxanthine. A complex of lytical enzymes favours the production of 5’-GMP and 5’-IMP during a directed autolysis of spent brewery yeast. As a result of the use of Lyticase preparation, a 2.5 times increase in the

Rationale for the paper came from Polish energetics adjustment need to the European Union requirements and necessity of energy production from renewable sources. The base of the research consists of references and interviews of energetics sector employees. The paper presents energy role in economy, energetics adjustment to Union requirements and possibilities and premises for production with renewable sources. The work is finishes with practical conclusions.

The presented research performed throughout 2001 and 2002 on 4 cross sections of the Mszanka river between its 5+039 km and 5+724 km was aimed at assessing the current state of plants covering the banks of the river (a right side stream of Raba river) whose watercourse underwent regulatory works in 1974, namely a combined bars and water steps engineering was applied. It was revealed that well developed plants lining the watercourse properly protected the river banks from being washed out, despite slightly inconsistent, with regard to varieties, introduction of trees and bushes. Suitability of several varieties of trees and bushes was found high enough for the purpose of biological development in watercourses of rivers with habitat conditions similar to Mszanka river catchment area.

The objective of this research was to determine if copper concentration in the top plant tissue can be a reliable indicator of Cu toxicity. A four-year microplots experiment was carried out with 4 copper treatments: 0, 30, 60, and 90 kg ha ^–1. Spring wheat, red clover, and maize were grown on the microplots filled with sandy acid soil. In the first and second year, after application of the highest Cu rate, wheat and clover yields dramatically decreased. In spite of the fact that the yield decreases were very deep, the Cu tissue concentrations didn't reflect them; there never was an excessive Cu accumulation in top plants. This study and inspection of the published researches reveal that the Cu concentration in plant top tissue or in grain is not a sensitive or reliable indicator of Cu phytotoxicity, and it carries a possibility of misleading assessment.

The article presents research results on slope stability mapping using SINMAP model on loess upland area of Nałęczów Plateau in eastern Poland.

In this study, meat utility and fatty acid profiles were compared between the zander living under natural conditions (in a lake) and in cultures, the latter fed either natural food (roach, perch, rudd) or an artificial feed (a commercial pelleted trout feed). The three groups differed in the fat content of their meat, the highest and the lowest fat contents (2.87 and 0.96%, respectively) being shown in the commercial feed-kept and in the wild zander, respectively. Protein and mineral compounds contents showed no significant differences. Muscle lipids of the three groups differed in the total contents of MUFA and PUFA: the lowest MUFA content (21.36%) was typical of the wild zander meat, while the lowest PUFA content (41.06%) was revealed in the commercial feed-fed fish. No differences were detected between the total contents of n-3PUFA, n-6PUFA, and the n-3/n-6 ratio. The content of long-chain n-3 PUFA in the meat was 2-4 times that in the food, while the content of long-chain n-6 PUFA was

The study on the young (from 1-month-old larvae to smolts) sea trout (Salmo trutta m. trutta) in Pomeranian rivers involved 21 morphometric characters and 10 meristic characters, opercular bone pattern, anal fin shape, pyloric caeca count, and coloration.

The study was aimed at determining effects of feed ration on growth, within-group variability, and chemical composition of the body of juvenile zander (c. 25 g initial individual weight) grown out in a recirculation system for 42 days. The fish were fed a commercial pelleted trout feed offered at three rations (Group L: 1.2% of stock biomass; Group M: 1.6% of stock biomass; and Group H: 2.0% of stock biomass). Each experimental treatment involved two replicates. The feed rations used were found to significantly (p < 0.01) affect fish growth: the mean body weight on termination of the experiment was 47.9, 60.3, and 69.4 g in Group L, M, and H, respectively. Statistically significant differences were revealed also in SGR and fish condition. The most favourable food conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were found in Group M, the between-group differences being significant as well (p < 0.05). The feeding rations applied did not produce a significant effect (p

The number of linkages to acetyl groups decreased with the increasing contents of SO₂ in starch milk. Acetylation degree affected pasting temperatures and viscosities of the pastes obtained from acetylated starch. The changes in potato starch properties observed during acetylation by acetic anhydride at alkaline pH resulted not only from linkages to acetyl groups, but also from ion exchange.

The grain of spelt (Triticum spelta) is distinguished by higher total protein contents (13 – 17%) as well as by the different composition of prolamine proteins compared to common wheat (Triticum aestivum). The breeders have again taken an interest in spelt because of its better resistance to the influence of the environment. Research material used was the grain of 16 hybrids of (Triticum spelta × Triticum aestivum), which was compared with spelt and the two varieties of the common wheat featuring diverse technological value – the Begra and the Elena. Evaluation of quality included grain, flour and bread. All hybrids featured less total protein contents than spelt, however, higher than in case of the common wheat. Better total yield of flour was obtained for the hybrids than that from the spelt. Volume of the hybrid bread was in between the spelt and the common wheat breads. Technological features and good taste of bread the hybrids STH 586, STH 588 and STH

The effect of various conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis as well as selected glucanolytic and amylolytic enzymes on carbohydrate system changes, necessary for quantitative determination of beta-glucan was evaluated. Hydrolysis of beta-glucan should be followed by elimination of starch in the sample using alpha-amylase Termamyl 120L and alpha-amyloglucosidase enzymes.

The effect of ripening temperature on changes in pH, dynamics of proteolysis and organoleptic properties of cheese was studied. The Dutch-type cheese ‘Hetman’ packed in thermoshrinkable foil and produced in a dairy plant at Kolno was used in the studies. The degradation of paracasein and changes in organoleptic properties were examined during six weeks of cheese ripening at 8, 12 and 15°C.

The influence of type of ultrafiltration membrane on yoghurt texture produced with ultrafiltrated (UF) milk was investigated. Goat’s milk was concentrated with three membranes of the following pore sizes: 10 kDa, 30 kDa and 100 kDa. Ultrafiltration was carried out to complete 2-fold concentration (v/v) of milk. Concentrated milk was used for production of set yoghurt with Chr. Hansen starter culture YC-180. Yoghurt samples were also produced using unaltered milk. The ultrafiltration process had a significant effect on composition of retentates, sensory evaluation of yoghurts, their viscosity and most of their texture parameters. The type of membrane used influenced significantly dry matter, protein, fat and lactose levels as well as acidity of milk retentates. In consequence sensory evaluation scores, viscosity, hardness and cohesiveness of yoghurt gel were also influenced. The size of membranes had a significant effect on ultrafiltration rate. Goat’s milk for yoghurt can be best concentrat

Effect of peeling and cooking methods on quality of beetroots were studied. Six different cooking methods were used: in pot starting with cold and boiling water, in pressure cooker in water and in steam, in acuthermal pot and in microwave oven. The best nitrates and nitrites elution were obtained during cooking beetroots in big amounts of water (in pot starting with cold and boiling water and in pressure cooker in water). Beetroots cooked by these methods received the lowest scores in sensory quality (especially colour). Because beetroots are very popular mostly for their colour these methods shouldn’t be used to cook this product. To save specific colour of beetroots it's better to use cooking methods with small amounts of water (in pressure cooker in steam, in acuthermal pot, in microwave oven).

Properties of grain and starch from varieties of wheat with different technological quality were measured. It appeared that besides the well known wheat properties such as high gluten content and medium enzymatic activity, the content of soluble carbohydrates is also important from the baking point of view. Moreover, medium solubility, not too low phosphorus content and high molecular mass of starch (isolated from wheat varieties) are essential to good quality of wheat.

NC-AFM (non contact atomic force microscopy) was used to observe the surface of triticale starch granules. The method allows to obtain micro-images of high resolution with no sample pretreatment. Surface structures and protrusions or pores found on the surface of triticale starch granules had a broad range of diameters. The existence of flat, smooth regions on the starch granules, with no visible structures, pores or protrusions, was confirmed.

This model experiment was aimed towards determination of the effect of repeated microwaving on migration of volatile substances to food simulating model solutions from packages commonly used in food industry. For this purpose 5 most common plastic packages were selected: white round shaped polypropylene container for ready to eat courses, its polystyrene cover, yellow polypropylene cup of 175 cm³ capacity, white polystyrene cup of 135 cm³ capacity and polystyrene/polyethylene foil; 3% acetic acid, 15% ethanol and rectified olive oil were taken as food simulating solvents. Prior to microwaving, the samples were stored for 10 days in 5°C. Using the GC/MS combined with static head space technique, 26 substances migrating into food simulants were identified after storage and prior to microwave heating. Cumulative exposure time to microwaving ranged from 2 till 30 min. It was found that repeated microwaving increased by 400% global migration of volatile substances from ye

The amount of and changes in the products of protein hydrolysis (TCA-soluble and TCA-insoluble biuret positive products, brine extractable protein, non-protein nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen and others) were examined in salted flesh of headed and gutted Baltic herring immersed in 16% NaCl brine with the addition of acetic acid (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7%), as well as in brine itself, after one and two weeks of storage at a temperature of 8 ± 1°C. The addition of acetic acid into brine accelerated proteolysis in flesh noticeably, at the same time retarding diffusion of muscle protein into brine. After the first week of fish maturation, the maximum proteolysis was observed at a pH of 3.8, and after the second week of maturation—at a pH of 4.2 to 4.8. Within a more acidic pH range, TCA-soluble products prevailed in flesh, with a minimum share of TCA-precipitated brine extractable protein, while in a less acidic range there were proportionately more products from the latter group, even t

The aim of the study was an attempt to apply selected analytical methods for the evaluation of preparations of modified lysozyme. Lysozyme isolated from hen egg white was modified using thermal, thermal-chemical, chemical and membrane methods and subsequently the obtained preparations were evaluated with the use of the spectrophotometric method, as well as electrophoresis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

Dendroclimatological analysis of Douglas firs growing in six different sites located from the east to west of the Great Poland Lowland area allowed us to determine that the factors that influenced the variability of annual wood increments were winter temperatures and the rainfall of spring and summer. The tree-ring width was positively influenced by higher than average temperatures in February and March and high amounts of rainfall from April to July. On the other hand, the increment was negatively influenced by high temperatures in May when the increment was formed and in the previous September. At sites further to the east, the more continental the climate the more pronounced was the impact of winter temperature on the tree-growth. Douglas fir within a radius of approximately 100 km were characterized by a similar rhythm of annual variability of tree-ring width, which was determined mainly by thermal conditions. Pluvial conditions, on the other hand, were the factor that diversified tre

The aim of this research project was to compare physical work load of workers during planting of pine seedlings with the help of a dibble. The following three types of dibbles were compared: a standard IBL dibble used on light soils, a Getinga dibble and a Huffa (German) dibble. The authors measured energy expenditure and determined the magnitude of static effort and monotypic nature of operational movements of workmen planting seedlings using all the above-mentioned three types of dibbles.

The object of the studies was the soil after one-year, two-year, three-year and four-year cultivations of runner bean and the soil from black fallow. The microbiological analysis showed that particular soil samples varied in quantitative and qualitative composition. The smallest number of bacteria and fungi colonies characterized the black fallow soil. On the other hand, the greatest number of microorganism colonies was found in the soil after a three-year-long cultivation of runner bean. In the soil after a four-year-long cultivation of this plant the studies observed a decreased total number of bacteria, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp. as well as the total number of fungi. The mycological analysis showed that after a one-year-long cultivation of bean pathogenic fungi constituted 25%, while after four years of cultivation the pathogens made up 82% of all isolations. The proportion of saprotrophic fungi was reverse. After a four-year-long cultivation of runner bean the species

Lovage garden (Levisticum officinale Koch.) is many years' - herbaceous plant numbered to raw materials curative and spice. To biologically active compounds stepping out both; in root and organ above-ground belong: essential oils, carbohydrates, glairs, phenolic acids and among them: caffeic and chlorogenic acids, coumaric acids: umbelliferone, and furanocoumarins: psoralene and bergaptene, and besides b-sitosterol and organic acids.

Qualitative and quantitative chromatographic analysis (HPLC) of phenolic acids fraction (free phenolic acids and released after acid and alkaline hydrolysis) extracted from leaves, inflorescences and rhizomes of Silphium perfoliatum L. collected in 2000 was presented in paper.

The subject of the studies conducted in the years 1999-2001 was the occurrence of aphids and their natural enemies on the shrubs of common and Pfitzer juniper. Observations were carried out in the green areas of the city in a street (A) and a park (B) sites. The studies established the presence of one aphid species of Cinara juniperi De Geer. Aphids occurred in the largest numbers on common juniper shrubs in 2001, and on Pfitzer juniper in 2000. It was also observed that on both species of juniper the population of aphids was bigger in site A than in site B.

The aim of work was to investigate the possibility of producing young white Christmas rose plants of commercial value from seedlings during one vegetation season. One, two, three, four, or five seedlings each were planted in containers and then cultivated according to commonly accepted rules.

On the area of Poland there occur regions with excessive pollution of the natural environment, therefore, there is a risk of producing fruits containing harmful chemical components. The objective of this work was the determination of the degree of such risk.

The studies examined the fertilizing value of rye straw and green manure from non-papilionaceous plants in vegetable cultivation, in the soil and climatic conditions of central-eastern Poland against the background of the control, which was not organically fertilized, and farmyard manure. In the experimental conditions of the studies the size of the yields was related to the manner of using the intercrops. Higher yields of cabbage and red beets were obtained after ploughing in the whole intercrop biomass than after ploughing in the crop residues. The manner of using the catch crops did not cause any significant changes in onion yielding. The highest yields of vegetables were achieved after ploughing in the phacelia intercrop, which exceeded the effect of manure. Among the applied doses of rye straw, the best yield-forming effect during the studies was characteristic of straw in the dose of 4 t·ha^-1.

The studies examined the effect of forecrop green manures in the form of oats and field pea on the yielding and selected elements of the nutritious value of white cabbage, ‘Amager’ cultivar. The cabbage was cultivated directly after organic fertilization. The plants meant for green manure were sown in early spring, and they were ploughed in on the first days of June. The whole biomass or only the aftercrop residue was introduced into the soil. The effect of the forecrop green manure was compared to the effect of farmyard manure in the dose of 25 t·ha^-1. The greatest yields of cabbage were obtained after farmyard manure. Field pea was characterized by a very similar yield-forming effect to that of farmyard manure. The greatest amount of dry matter was found in the cabbage cultivated after oats, while the greatest quantity of sugars and vitamin C – after field pea. The amount of the organic matter introduced into the soil had no significant effect on the yielding or the cont

The analysis of the average age of varieties was carried out for 1535 varieties ascribed to 56 taxa and owned by both Polish and foreign breeders in the years 1988-2000. A vegetable variety was ca. 9 years old on average. For particular crops the value ranged from 1 for stem lettuce to 30 years for garden sorrel and turnip.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of lungworm infection in the deer (Phot. 1) that inhabit North-West Poland, and to find a method to fight this parasitosis. The studies were carried out on 156 faecal samples of wild-living deer (43 of red deer, 34 of fallow deer, and 79 of roe deer), using the Baermann method to detect the first stage of pulmonary nematodes in the examined faeces. The samples were collected in nine forest areas of North-West Poland from January 1999 to March, 2000. Additionally, anthelmintic treatments were carried out in the Breeding Station Krajenka, situated near Złotów, Poland. The animals were fed with special granulated feed containing Panacur (7.8 mg/kg body weight). The following nematode species were found: Elaphostrongylus cervi, Varestrongylus sagittatus, and Varestrongylus capreoli. The prevalence of Elaphostrongylus cervi was 88.37% in red deer and 58.82% in fallow deer. Varestrongylus sa

The investigation was made on 11 dogs (American Staffordshire Terrier), coming from two uteruses in perinatal period. The morphological analysis of aorticorenal ganglion was based on the morphometry and morphology of above-mentioned ganglion. The neural connections of the ganglion (afferent and efferent branches and nerves) were also described.

Investigations were conducted in production conditions at pig farm after moving gilt-weaners from nursery to fattening building. TARAZEPIDE (TA) was given orally in three different doses 15 minutes before morning meal on definite days.

The research was conducted on 32 foetuses (16 females and 16 males) from 4 uteri. The embryos came from the 59th, 62nd, 77th and 97th day of pregnancy.

In the poultry breeding, the negative side of selection aimed at gaining higher and higher body mass growths is the increase of birds sensitivity to the stressors action. In consequence, it leads to losses resulting from the infringement of balance, particularly in the range of co-operation between the endocrine and the immunological systems.