EJPAU, 2006, Volume 9, Issue 2

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9(2) #01
03 Apr 2006
Economics
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In the years 2001-2003 the vegetable seed weights of retail small bags were checked. The actual weights were compared with the declared ones on the seed bags. The research included 956 seed bags of 10 vegetable species: white head cabbage, garden carrot, red beet, onion, cucumber, tomato, radish, head lettuce, common bean and garden pea from 3 Polish seed companies. It was found out that 72.4% of the bags had the actual weights the same as declared on the bag (+/– 5%). The underweights (>5% and >10%) were 9.6% and 3.5% and overweights (>5% and >10%) 17.9% and 10.2%, respectively. Large differences in the received values were found for both the individual years and seed companies. The percentages of in line weights were: for red beet – from 66.7% to 100%, garden carrot – from 50.0% to 83.3%, onion – from 33.4% to 66.7%, white head cabbage – from 16.7% to 90.0%, cucumber – from 69.2% to 100%, tomato – from 26.1% to 100%, common bean – from 72.2% to 100%, garden pea – from 58.0% to 100% and radish – from 77.8% to 88.9%. The biggest underweights were found for garden carrots and cucumber – 22.0% and 18.0%, respectively, whereas the biggest overweights – for head lettuce and white head cabbage: 40.0%; 41.5% and 24.0%; 31.0% respectively. The least maximal underweight and overweights were recorded for red beet – 8.0% and 6.5%, respectively.

9(2) #02
05 Apr 2006
Environmental Development
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This experiment aimed at determining the effect of copper, zinc, tin and barium administered to soil at doses of 4, 40, 400 mg/kg on the contents of macroelements in spring barley and their correlations with the enzymatic activity of soil. The elements applied were found to be the most favourable for nitrogen accumulation in spring barely, however, the most beneficial effect was usually observed at their lowest (4 mg/kg) and medium doses (40 mg/kg). The highest increase in nitrogen content was evoked by zinc and copper. An increased zinc content of soil was accompanied by a rise in the contents of calcium, magnesium, potassium and partly phosphorus and sodium in plants. High doses of zinc resulted in decreased levels of phosphorus and sodium in spring barley. Copper contributed to an increase in the contents of calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium, and a decrease in the phosphorus content of spring barley. Soil contamination with tin and barium was found to affect to the greatest extent the contents of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, however, in the case of magnesium its effect was definitely negative, whereas in the case of calcium it was positive. The correlations between the activity of urease in the soil and nitrogen content of plant were usually negative, and between the activity of alkaline phosphatase and the phosphorus content of spring barley was usually positive.

9(2) #03
06 Apr 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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The objective of the study was to analyze the wing musculature of the African ostrich. The investigation was conducted on four three-day old chicks of the ostrich. The muscles were characterized by poor development due to a very young age, and no flight abilities.

The basic muscle units were described, the measurements of their length and width were taken and their mutual relation was calculated. All values were collected in a table. The photographic documentation was also prepared.

9(2) #04
07 Apr 2006
Agronomy
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Field experiments were carried out over 2002-2004 at the Experiment Station of the University of Technology and Agriculture at Mochełek, in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz, on a very good rye complex soil. High biomass yields were recorded for all the nonpapilionaceous plants researched, grown in stubble intercrop. Upon no nitrogen fertilization, sunflower showed to be most productive. The treatments which involved a high nitrogen dose (90 kg·ha-1) oil radish yielded significantly higher that phacelia. The plant produced also significantly more post-harvest residue mass than sunflower and phacelia, and also used nitrogen applied prior-to-sowing most considerably. An increase in the dose from 0 to 90 kg of nitrogen resulted in an increase in its accumulation in the plant biomass by 74.4 kg (82.7% of the nitrogen applied), as compared with the non-fertilized treatments. Sunflower used only 49.0 kg (54.4%), while phacelia – 48.2 kg (53.6%). The nitrogen fertilization applied in the experiments significantly increased the overground plant biomass yield of the crops researched. The greatest reaction to N fertilization was demonstrated by oil radish. The dry matter yield of this plant increased by 26.5% due to the application of 45 kg·ha-1, as compared with the yield collected from unfertilized objects. Increasing the nitrogen dose from 45 to 90 kg·ha-1 resulted in an 18.4% increase in the dry matter yield of radish. The effectiveness of nitrogen fertilization of sunflower was definitely lower and was, respectively, 14.6 and 7.0%. There was observed a relatively low infection with fungal pathogens in sunflower and phacelia, much higher in radish. A significant effect of the fertilization dose on the health status of the plant roots was found. Sunflower roots were most healthy when 45 kg·ha-1 was applied, and the most heavily infected when treated with 90 kg N·ha-1. Radish fertilization with nitrogen, irrespective of the dose, increased the root infection with fungi. There was found no clear effect of the nitrogen fertilization dose on the health status of phacelia roots. The pathogenic fungi isolated from infected roots of plants grown as intercrops were dominated by Alternaria alternata, as well as Fusarium spp., especially F. solani, F. avenaceum and F. culmorum.

9(2) #05
10 Apr 2006
Fisheries
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The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the period mixed feed (formulated feed + Artemia sp.) is applied to the growth, survival, and digestive tract development of larval pikeperch (larva age – 6 days post-hatch (DPH)). The larvae were divided into three experimental groups and fed mixed feed from 6 to 12 DPH (group I), from 6 to 19 DPH (group II), and from 6 to 26 DPH (group III). After feeding with brine shrimp was discontinued (group I and II), the larvae were fed formulated feed exclusively. During rearing, the mean larval body weight increased from 0.7 to 20 mg (group I) and 25 mg (group III; P < 0.05). Larval survival in the tested groups was similar at approximately 60% (P > 0.05). The highest percentages of deformed larvae were noted in groups II and III (16 and 14%, respectively). Feeding was noted to have a significant impact on the development of the pikeperch digestive tract. The folds in the esophagus and posterior intestine of fish fed natural feed for the shortest period were the highest (P < 0.05). They also had the most intestinal pinocytotic vesicles and mucous cells. The smallest esophagus goblet cells and gastric glands were noted in group I (P < 0.05).

9(2) #06
11 Apr 2006
Civil Engineering
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Optimization of structural elements met both in civil and mechanical engineering leads to the concept of a material with characteristics smoothly varying in a certain direction (functionally graded materials). An example of this material is a laminate having macroscopic properties varying in space (functionally graded laminate). The aim of this note is to propose a revisited version of the mathematical model for analyzing the effect of interlaminar microdefects on the macroscopic response of a structural element. It is assumed that the distribution of these defects is represented by its mean density per unit area of every interface.
9(2) #07
12 Apr 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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Studies were conducted on 77 tongues, collected from rabbits being at day 15, 18, 20, 22 and 26 of prenatal life and from rabbits at day 1, 15 and 30 and in the 6th month of postnatal life.

Tissues for analyses, collected from the lateral surfaces of the body of the tongue of rabbits, were studied under a light microscope (LM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thickness of the epithelium in successive periods of pre- and postnatal life was analyzed morphometrically.

As a result of the conducted studies it was shown that the epithelium covering the lateral surfaces of the tongue changes in the course of pre- and postnatal development from an epithelium consisting from 1-2 layers of cells into a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The thickness of the epithelium increases in successive analyzed periods of life in rabbits. A rapid growth rate was found for the epithelium in the period from day 26 p.c. The lamina propria mucosae is observed in histological slides starting from day 22 p.c. In the same period the presence of elastic fibers was shown. Glycogen was found in the cytoplasm of the epithelial and mesenchymal cells from day 15 to 20 p.c.

9(2) #08
18 Apr 2006
Forestry
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Questionnaire research conducted all over Poland has shown that the harvesting of non-wood forest products helps to improve the living standards of poor families. In 2004, in the households under research, income from the sale of these products amounted to about 27% in summer season and nearly 18% per year of the total income of these families. The income from non-wood forest products was used mainly to buy food. The most frequently harvested products were mushrooms and forest fruit, followed by fuel, decorative branches and medicinal herbs.

9(2) #09
25 Apr 2006
Food Science and Technology
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The study investigated the effect of soaking shredded celeriac in sodium hypochlorite solutions with the Cl- concentration of 100, 200, 300, 500 ppm on the quality of this stored minimally processed product. Microbiological quality of the product (total counts of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria; counts of moulds and yeasts; coliform bacteria counts; counts of Pseudomonas bacteria and the presence of anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium perfringens)) was assessed along with the colour in the CIE L* a* b* system and sensory attributes of the product. The product was evaluated after 1, 6 and 12 days of storage at temperature of 4°C. In the samples soaked in a solution containing 500 ppm Cl- mesophilic counts were approx. 2 logs CFU/g and coliform bacteria 2.3 logs CFU/g less those on the sample soaked in distilled water (control), after 12 days of product storage. However, in the samples soaked in sodium hypochlorite solutions with a higher Cl- concentration (300,400 and 500 ppm) was observed deterioration in sensory attributes.

9(2) #10
27 Apr 2006
Animal Husbandry
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The material for the study were six populations of Red Cattle, including three samples of the Polish Red cattle population (PC’69, n = 203, PC’82, n = 261 and PC’96, n = 313) and one each of the Danish Red (DC, n = 169), German Red (NC, n = 510) and Czech Red (CC, n = 14). DNA was isolated from blood, according to the method by Gemmell and Akiyama (1996). All individuals were genotyping for the following proteins: a S1-casein, b-casein, k-casein and b-lactoglobulin. The frequency of alleles was estimate and was used for the estimation of the genetic distance between populations. Using the PHYLIP ver. 3.5c software the genetic distance was determined according to 1) Nei, 2) Cavali-Sforza and 3) Reynolds. All the populations demonstrated a similar distribution of allele frequencies at individual loci. Only the Czech Red showed different tendencies as regards b- and k-casein and b -lactoglobulin. This may have been the effect of the smaller population size as compared to the remaining breeds. Genetic distances estimated by these three using methods were similar. The smallest genetic distance was observed between populations PC’96 and NC (0.0007). In turn, the highest value was obtained between population DC and CC (0.0776). In the case of the genetic distance calculated according to the formulas by Cavalli-Sforza and Reynolds, the values obtained were higher then value of genetic distance estimated by Nei. The comparatively low values for the genetic distance obtained in the present studies may indicate that the breeds analysed originate from a common ancestor or lived on neighbouring geographical regions, what could lead to a frequent exchange of genes. The considerable similarity between those breeds could also be caused by a similarly conducted selection, based on similar assumptions (similar type of production). Those populations demonstrate similar gene pools what may be used for common preserve breeding programmes, which would decrease the danger of inbreeding. An analysis of the data collected over 30 years for the three populations of the Polish Red cattle, renders it possible to conclude that the frequency of individual alleles of the proteins examined are subjected to a small but continuous change.

9(2) #11
04 May 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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Adriamycin (ADR) – the antineoplastic antibiotics has confirmed proapoptotic activity, mainly on neoplastic cells and young quick dividing cells. Cardiotoxicity of Adriamycin is limitating in antineoplastic therapy. The purpose of study was an evaluation of internal pathway of induction of signal to the apoptosis in myocardial cells of rat, which had administered Adriamycin. The sign of late cardiotoxicity after Adriamycin is coagulative necrosis. In present study was noticed also increased apoptosis of cells in rat heart, which was induced via mitochondrial pathway, with activation of p-53 protein and with BAX/Bcl-2 ratio > 1 – with prevalence of proapoptotic BAX protein.

9(2) #12
05 May 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of glycomacropeptide (GMP), a kappa casein-derived peptide, in experimentally induced endotoxemia or bacteremia in mice. The results showed that BALB/c mice, given intraperitoneally (i.p.) GMP, 24h before intravenous (i.v.) injection of a high dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli, strongly inhibited serum levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), measured 2h later by bioassays. In addition, GMP, administered 24h before infection of CBA mice with a sublethal dose of E. coli, significantly lowered the number of bacterial cells in the spleen. The analysis of main blood cell types in mice pretreated 24h prior to infection with GMP revealed significant increase in the content of granulocytes and immature neutrophils. We, therefore, postulate, that induction of myelopoiesis by GMP may be a primary cause of the increased clearance of bacteria during the development of bacteremia in mice.

9(2) #13
08 May 2006
Forestry
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The level of shoot damage and the annual radial increment were estimated in Scots pine stands affected by a severe maturation feeding of pine shoot beetles Tomicus piniperda (L.) and T. minor (Hart.). Studies were conducted on sample plots situated about 60 and 500 m from sawmill timber storage sites during 2001-2005. In both investigated stands the radial increment in 2003 was smaller than that in 2002. There was no significant difference between the damaged stand and the control stand in respect of its relative value. The relative value of radial increment during the period 2003—2005 showed that a severe maturation feeding of pine shoot beetles had no effect on weakening of increment dynamics of trees in the edge part of the stand.

9(2) #14
09 May 2006
Civil Engineering
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Modern German village, in the form of dense or shattered settlement, its architecture, constructive materials, spatial lay-out, functions, the way of ground-exploitation are slightly differentiated in particular united countries (lands). Natural conditions, the time of springing up, farming type (if still exists) and social structure – all those factors influence the country development. All changes in the style of farming and village function are being reflected in development of building areas, which has been moderated and renovated from many years – not always with the profit for cultural heritage. The evidences of the urbanisation may be seen at German countryside (as well as in other UE countries), discussed in the paper and shown on annexed photographs. In the process of constant changes the attention points on saving the identity of the place and form of development. The projects focused on development and infrastructure renovation and preserving cultural heritage as well are being initiated. The awareness of countryside cultural value as the result historical colonisation has been creating during multi-year transformation.

9(2) #15
10 May 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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Three-year studies were conducted in the area of the Centre of Forest Environment Studies and Chase Game Breeding of Agricultural University of Wrocław. The subject of the investigation was the alimentary base for the deer family in the existing and newly established green crops in this area. The crop yield, botanical composition and alimentary value of the ground flora were determined. The hematological and biochemical indexes were determined in blood and serum of roe deer, deer and fallow deer during a hunting season within deer-hunting periods. Besides, pH, N-NH3 and LKT sum were determined in rumen content samples taken from the animals shot during hunting.

The alimentary value of fodder coming from green crops depended on the brand composition of ground flora, particularly with regard to protein; fibre and its fractions (ADF, NDF). The level of protein-energy metabolism metabolites in the animals’ rumen depended on the species. The hematological and biochemical indexes of blood and blood serum were considerably diversified depending on the species and showed great divergence within species.

9(2) #16
12 May 2006
Fisheries
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The composition of food consumed by larval and juvenile smelt (Osmerus eparlanus) in the Vistula Lagoon was analyzed taking into account changing environmental conditions. The fish and zooplankton were collected at two stages of research, at the end of May and at the beginning of June 2000. The meteorological conditions and physicochemical parameters of water were determined within a limited research area, where a dense network of 15 sampling sites was established. The digestive tracts of 2552 smelts with a standard body length (SL) of 10 to 34 mm were subjected to preparation. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of diet composition was performed within 5-mm fish body length classes, taking into consideration time- and space-variation, as well as changing environmental conditions, primarily wind strength and the depth of sampling sites. Particular attention was paid to the occurrence of a non-specific component in the diet of the pelagic smelt – copepods of the order Harpacticoida, found in bottom deposits. These organisms were present both in the zooplankton and in the food of smelt, and the intensity of their occurrence varied in time and space. The analysis revealed that the presence of the Harpacticoida in deep waters and in the diet of smelt was directly proportional to wind strength and inversely proportional to the depth of sampling sites.

9(2) #17
15 May 2006
Biology
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An analysis of the species composition of zooplankton of Lake Gardno was based on the materials collected in the years 1998–2002, from July to August. It was found that the numbers of zooplankton species, their abundance and biomass were greatly variable, and depended on abiotic factors and lake trophy. An analysis of the structural characteristics of zooplankton as bioindicators of lake eutrophication revealed the presence of some species of rotifers and crustaceans in the zooplankton community, considered good indicators of lake trophy. The zooplankton-related trophic state indices enabled to classify Lake Gardno as eutrophic and meso-eutrophic.

9(2) #18
16 May 2006
Biology
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In a mesotrophic, shallow, macrophyte-dominated lake, stable plant cover can be attractive for zooplankton species being a grazer or a prey; dense submerged vegetation, Chara beds in particular, can offer a day-time refuge for cladocerans and some adult copepods. The former use this shelter also at night; on the contrary, young stages of Copepoda distinctively avoided both types of plant covered areas during the day and migrated towards open water. That might resulted from the increased grazing upon zooplankton. The pressure of predatory fish in open water probably forced young fish to seek for a shelter. As Chara beds are too dense to be penetrated, they preferred emergent plant zone. That might encourage copepods to undertake reversed DHM. The present study suggests a significant role of plant cover on diurnal zooplankton distribution. Dense charophyte patches could offer a daytime refuge for cladocerans, and some adult forms of Copepoda, while both groups of planktonic invertebrates did not take the advantage of emergent macrophytes cover to avoid fish predation.

9(2) #19
17 May 2006
Horticulture
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A field experiment was conducted in the years 2000-2003. The corms of Sparaxis tricolor were planted in spring at the following dates: 20.04, 29.04, 10.05 and 20.05 at 3 depths of planting: 4, 6 and 8 cm. The greatest number of inflorescence stalks growing from 1 corm was obtained planting Sparaxis at the earliest of the studied dates. The length of the main shoot, the length of the spike, the number of inflorescences in a spike as well as the diameter of the first flower were also the biggest when the corms were planted at the turn of the second and third 10-days’ period of April. More inflorescence stalks were obtained planting the corms at the depth of 4 cm. Deeper corm planting at the depth of 6-8 cm had a positive effect on the diameter of the first flower in the inflorescence and the length of the leaves. The studies observed a positive effect of earlier planting on the formation of inflorescence stalks containing at least 5 flowers in a spike. Their proportion range in particular years was from 15 to 40% for Sparaxis planted on 20 April and it decreased to 6-17% when the corms were planted on 20 May.

9(2) #20
19 May 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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On dairy farms with high milk production there are much health problems. One of the most important periods, the critical time in dairy cows production is calving. In controlling and resolving of these problems the great role have the farmer and the veterinarian. There are many varied methods of dairy farms supervising. Diagnostic monitoring in herds of dairy cattle has an important role in controls an acceptable level of health and productivity in the cows and their progeny. Being familiar with the internal environment of the animal enables early detection of any dangers to the health of the animal and enables one to react before any clinical signs appear. Thus management in periparturient dairy cows is very important for prevention of many disturbances. The aim of the study was to compare the values of selected blood parameters in dairy cows shortly pre and post partum. It had to answer on the question The materials consisted of 30 clinical healthy cows tested 3-7 days before calving and 3-5 days after calving in this same good environmental and nutritional conditions (borning room). Selected twenty one various biochemical and morphological parameters of the blood similar to standard metabolic profile were included in the study. Significant differences (α=0.05) were noted in total bilirubin, SGOT, inorganic phosphorus, Calcium and Chloride. Parturition is an important period in cows from the point of view of the physiological changes taking place which in turn produce measurable, significant changes in the diagnostic parameters of the blood. These differences are presented in the paper.

9(2) #21
22 May 2006
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of species origin of liver in the raw material composition and kind of thermal process (pasteurisation and sterilization) on the physicochemical and sensory quality of liver pate type miscellaneous sausages.

Experimental material consisted of model emulsified liver pate type miscellaneous sausages produced at the P.P.H.U. “W-D” sp. z o.o. processing plant in Skwierzyna. The technological factor, which affected properties of experimental batters and the quality of final products, was the introduction in the formulation of three different species origin types of liver (porcine, poultry and rabbit liver). In this way three variants of experimental sausages liver pate type were produced. The quality of experimental sausages was assessed on the basis of the following characteristics: cooking loss, vitamin A content, sensory analyses.

The following conclusions can be formulated from the presented study. The quality of liver pate is determined both by the method of preparation of liver for production (raw, blanched) and the temperature of heating (pasteurization or sterilization). It was found that the lowest cooking loss occurs in pasteurized products produced with the additions of raw poultry and rabbit liver. Preproduction blanching of liver and higher heating temperature (sterilization) have a negative effect on the analyzed quality attributes of experimental products. Out of the three experimental products the highest scores for sensory quality attributes (apart from aroma) were given to sausages produced with the addition of poultry and rabbit liver.

9(2) #22
23 May 2006
Animal Husbandry
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The aim of this study was to learn the strength of floral fidelity of honeybee colonies and to find what is the relationship between this trait and the amount of collected pollen. The observations were carried out in 2003 and 2004 on 10 honeybee colonies. The pollen was gathered from pollen loads collected using a pollen trap with a 5-mm screen mesh. A scanning electron microscope was used to view pollen grains in order to determine the number of plant species visited by the bees. The mean values of floral fidelity estimated individually for each experimental colony ranged from 40.1 to 75.7% in the first year, and from 45.1 to 67.3% in the second year of the studies. Correlation between floral fidelity and the quantity of collected pollen was observed in 60% of the colonies in the first year and in 70% in the second year. Recurrence of this relationship over the period of two years was found in only 30% of the studied honeybee colonies.

9(2) #23
24 May 2006
Biology
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A field experiment was conducted to determine a direct effect of five herbicides selected on Rumex confertus Willd., and an indirect effect on phytophagous insects. Mossy sorrel is the host of Hypera rumicis L. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), Apion miniatum Germ. (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), and Pegomya nigritarsis Ztt. (Diptera, Anthomyiidae). The herbicide treatment affected the plant growth, yet new leaf rosettes were produced again by the end of the summer. However, the herbicide treatment reduced the leaf area and the number of seeds damaged by larvae. The insect development, seasonal adult abundance, and feeding by larvae decreased significantly on the herbicide treated plants.

9(2) #24
26 May 2006
Animal Husbandry
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The objectives of the study were to estimate chosen effects (sex, color variety, farm and partitution) on body weight and hair layer hight characters as well as correlations between these traits. Furthemore, heritabilities of traits studied were also estimated. The research was carried on three reproductive farms keeping animals in four basic coat varieties: standard, Sapphire blue, Greenland and white. In the experimental group 919 young nutrias were included and the following steps were executed:

– body weight was measured,
– hight of underfur and guard hairs.

Estimation of heritability was based on unitrait animal model. Standard errors of heritability estimates were approximated based on second order polynomials. The package program DFREML was employed. Correlation coefficients were estimated in the SAS system. Heritability estimates of hair traits were high. The highest estimate (h2 = 0.623) was obtained for lateral guard hairs height. The estimates of other three traits were slightly lower and ranged from 0.49 (lateral underfur) to 0.58 (dorsal underfur). Higher heritability was estimated for fur characters than for body weight. Linear correlations were estimated between all traits. Some of the estimates were close to zero. The highest correlation was recorded for the height of the same hair types.

9(2) #25
30 May 2006
Civil Engineering
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Laminated materials play an important role in civil engineering. The contribution is focused on the modelling of heat conduction in these materials. The analysis is carried out in the framework of the tolerance averaging technique, [1]. A new asymptotic procedure for finding solutions to the specific heat conduction problems is proposed. General results are illustrated by some numerical examples and compared with those derived from homogenization technique, [2].

9(2) #26
02 Jun 2006
Veterinary Medicine
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The study was conducted on four beef cannulae put into forestomach of 500 kg mass in the Latin square system. The control group, apart from corn silage, was fed with hay, while experimental groups were fed trefoil silage, darnel or meadow trefoil-darnel mixture. The parameters characterizing changes taking place in the rumen as well as the number of bacteria and protozoa were determined in the rumen fluid collected before feeding and 1.5 h and 3 hours after feeding. The substitution of hay with silage caused the increase of N-NH3 concentration in the rumen and changed the fermentation profiles expressed by the increase of the amounts of the following acids: propanoic, pentanoic and iso-pentanoic, and the decrease of the following acids: acetic and butyric. The silage of meadow trefoil caused the increase of bacteria and protozoa count, while the darnel silage and meadow trefoil-darnel mixture only caused the increase of bacteria count, and reduced the protozoa count.

9(2) #27
12 Jun 2006
Biology
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The effects of temperature (20°C, 25°C, 30°C) and photoperiod (16D:8N, 12D:12N, 8D:16N) on larval body weight, food consumption, egg production, and survival of Gastroidea viridula Deg. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) were determined. Temperatures and photoperiods affected insect development time, larval body weight, and survival. Larvae continued development while 60 days at temperature of 20°C and photoperiod of 8D;16N, but only while 30 days at 30°C, 16D:8N and 12D:12N. Photoperiod not affected the oviposition period and number of eggs produced. Results show that both temperature and photoperiod significantly affects larval body weight and survival.

9(2) #28
13 Jun 2006
Environmental Development
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The impact of long term application of pesticides for crops protection on bacteria and fungi resistance has been studied. At first the microbes have been isolated from two soil samples, namely a soil sample contaminated with pesticides, and a control one. Subsequently, under in vitro conditions with the same pesticides present, microbes growth capacities were observed. Growth capabilities of microorganisms isolated from the soils contaminated with Miedzian 50WP, Siarkol 80 extra WP, Triflurotox 250EC have proven to be less impacted (by a few to several %) with these xenobiotics present in the substrates than the capabilities of the microbes from the control soil. The only exception were bacteria from the soil samples treated with Siarkol 80WP whose resistance has been found lower (by app. 10%) than the resistance of microbes from the control soil.

9(2) #29
19 Jun 2006
Forestry
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This study is a fragment of a long-term research on a genetic-silvicultural value of larches of Polish provenances (Table 1, Fig. 1) tested under mountain conditions of the Sącz Beskid range within the All-Polish Provenance Experiment of Larch 1967. Investigations were based on numerical data on the degree of infection of trees of analyzed partial larch populations with a pathogen Lachnellula willkommii (Hartig.) Denis during 1984 – 1999, i.e. when trees were 20, 25, 30, and 35 years old. Results showed a significant diversification of tested provenances in respect of resistance to larch canker, and a certain tendency of its decrease with age of trees (Tables 2 and 3). Provenances of various regions of Poland were in the group of populations most susceptible to this disease, i.e. with trees showing symptoms above the experimental average (Fig. 3). The resistance to larch cancer of individual partial populations, under mountain conditions of the study area situated in experimental forests of Krynica, was in the first place determined by the genotype (Fig. 4). While the evaluation of the effect of the interaction genotype (provenance) x years of observation (age) pointed to a high stability of resistance to canker of larch populations of extreme values of this trait (Fig. 5). This creates, especially in the case of this provenance group, the possibilities to conduct the effective resistance selection in the early stage.

9(2) #30
20 Jun 2006
Environmental Development
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Lag time of runoff – Lag is one of the characteristic values in rainfall-runoff modeling and lag time of sediment yield – LagS is an important characteristic in the procedure of predicting the suspended sediment rate (sedimentgraph). The relationship between the lag times (LagS/Lag) is used for estimating sediment routing coefficient – B, which is a key parameter of the instantaneous unit sedimentgraph (IUSG). The IUSG formula is needed to transform the sediment produced during rainfall into sedimentgraph.

The relationship LagS/Lag was examined for a three small basins (two of which are located in Poland, and one in Germany). The ratio LagS/Lag, estimated for events from the investigated basins, has been in the range from 0.49 to 1.11. A statistical significant correlation has been found between the value of LagS/Lag and rainfall depth in one of the basins.

9(2) #31
21 Jun 2006
Environmental Development
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This paper present information on particle size variation during rainfall and snowmelt flood from the small agricultural catchment. The grain size distribution during two rainfall, three snowmelt and one rainfall-snowmelt flood was compared. The average percentage of clays size material (<4 µm) for all samples was 2.7%, silt size material (> 4 µm and <62 µm) was 42.8% and sand (>62 µm) was 54.5%. The average median (d50) for floods ranged between 49.8 microns and 98.3 microns depend on the flood.

9(2) #32
22 Jun 2006
Biology
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Data on share of grasses in the flora of selected 65 gravel-pits of the Siedlecka Upland as well as their ecological characterisation are presented in the paper. The Poaceae is one of the most species-rich families found in these localities. Among 60 grass species the most frequent include Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata and Elymus repens. The domination of meadow species from classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Trifolio fragiferae-Agrostietalia stoloniferae as well as synanthropic grasses from classes Stellarietea mediae and Agropyretea intermedio-repentis was observed. The dominant life form of grasses are hemicryptophytes. Native species prevail over anthropophytes in the studied objects. This paper also presents the results of analysis of the flora based on ecological indicator values [21].

9(2) #33
23 Jun 2006
Geodesy and Cartography
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Forecasting the value of real estate is an essential element that should be taken into account by the investor in the process of financing an investment. A similar situation can be observed in the process of land management. In such cases, the reliability of the model used for real estate value prediction becomes a key issue.

The geostatic model is designed to be used for diagnosing the land market system in the past and in the present (at the moment the forecast is generated). It then becomes a prognostic geostatic model used for forecasting. Geostatic models can be developed based on a set of artificial neural networks. A set of neural networks is a set of many trained monolithic neural networks, which are combined into one set to eliminate faults assigned to single network models, as well as to improve generalization capability and resistance.

The aim of the present study was to develop and test in practice a set of measures enabling to evaluate the quality of a forecasting model as well as its generalization capability.

9(2) #34
27 Jun 2006
Economics
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The objective of this paper is to investigate milk price volatility in Poland from 1993-2004. The basis of analysis data used is from Central Statistical Office (GUS). Future changes in milk prices were predicted using Hurst coefficient. The economic transition process created large differences in milk prices. The collected data enabled to use ADF test which aim was to check integration level of milk price. Moreover, the milk price rank was estimated on the basis of ARMA model. The scientific analysis enabled to measure seasonality and to forecast milk prices.

9(2) #35
27 Jun 2006
Economics
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The authors of this paper describe functions associated with vegetable seed distribution on the Polish market. They describe the role of distribution in the vegetable seed trade and the characteristics of different distribution channels. The results presented were based on information provided by seed companies and other participants of the vegetable seeds distribution system. The research was completed for the years 2001-2004.

9(2) #36
28 Jun 2006
Environmental Development
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The paper shows a method of determination of pressure loss during flow of the visco-plastic mixtures in pipelines on the basis of dimensionless criterion λ(Regen). In order to describe their rheological characters, the 3-parameter generalized Herschel-Bulkley and Vočadlo models were applied. Possible applications of simplified formulas for calculation of the generalized Reynolds number for both considered rheological models were analyzed. The analysis give a range of relative error for assumption that yield stress τo in the laminar flow zone has been omitted in calculations.

9(2) #37
28 Jun 2006
Economics
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The article presents the author’s universal method in the form of a Self-Evaluation Questionnaire of the Enterprise, which makes possible an evaluation of functioning of quality control systems as well as the effectiveness of management processes and areas requiring improvement in a dairy enterprise as well as an analysis of its strong sides. The conducted audit shows the full possibility for implementing the method in national dairying.

9(2) #38
29 Jun 2006
Economics
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The economical efficiency of the application of an increasing hydrogel dose in cultivar mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing. Imbach) has been experimented in controlled weather conditions. It was found that the application of a 50g·m-2 hydrogel dose is not economically proved due to the lack of yield significant increase. In the cultivation of this particular variety of mushrooms, the optimal hydrogel dose shouldn’t be low than 100 g·m2.

9(2) #39
29 Jun 2006
Economics
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The paper presents an analysis of the regional differentiation of pig production in Poland in 2004. The research included volume of pig stock and production, purchase and slaughter of hog livestock according to provinces. Relative concentration was used for the estimation of the degree of irregularity of distribution pig stock among provinces. Florence location ratio was used for estimation of similarity of distribution of analyzed features. The empirical analyses were based on data carried out by the Central Statistical Office.

9(2) #40
30 Jun 2006
Economics
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The paper presents construction of the economy barometer for agriculture and food-industry. Moreover, referential indexes and aggregated leading indexes were constructed. On the base of the referential indexes, analysis of cyclical changes in food-economy in the 1975-2003 years was carried out. Finally, warning forecasts for agriculture and food-industry were created.


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