EJPAU, 2004, Volume 7, Issue 2

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7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Agricultural Engineering
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Mixing of heterogeneous granular materials is accompanied by the segregation phenomenon the result of which is that having obtained the highest value of mixing degree there occurs partial distribution of mixing components up to the equilibrium state. The knowledge of parameters affecting the segregation phenomenon is essential to restrict the disadvantageous phenomenon. The main factors affecting the segregation are dimension differences between tracer grains and continuous phase as well as their density differences.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Agricultural Engineering
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Threat to the natural environment posed by technical objects, including agricultural machines, taken out of use is becoming an important problem in modern societies. Their management should be arranged through recycling. The recyclability of machines varies and at the stage of production ought to be determined and evaluated using appropriate methods. The methods used at present are either very complicated and difficult to use or over simplistic, so it is impossible to obtain objective evaluations. This study presents an original method to assess the recyclability of agricultural machinery, which takes into consideration the material composition and structure of machines, and partly eliminates the drawbacks of the methods used so far.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Agricultural Engineering
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The characteristics of air jet together with travel velocity of the sprayer are crucial factors influencing the penetration of air in the tree canopy. The objective of the study was to determine the volume of air penetrating into the canopy of apple trees, produced by three orchard sprayers with different fan types and operated at different travel velocities. Due to different fans, the following discharge systems were available: radial air flow, cross-flow and directed air flow. The sprayers were driven at 4, 6 and 8 km/h along the trees inside which the air velocity was measured in 9 points, placed in 3 vertical layers. The obtained data was processed to get the air volume penetrating the tree canopy and being delivered to the points of measurements. The influence of travel velocity on air penetration in the tree depended on the character of the air jet produced by the sprayer. For high volume/low speed air jets (radial air flow and cross flow) the decrease of travel velocity caused consid

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Agricultural Engineering
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This study presents and discusses the results of 2-year measurements of air temperature, air humidity, litter temperature and litter moisture in a broiler house and of ground temperature below the floor and outside the building. Except temporary overheating, air temperature was found to conform to animal breeding standards. Air humidity was too low at the start of rearing and had to be additionally increased. It was subject to considerable fluctuations in the summer cycles. Litter studies showed that broiler chickens were exposed to adequate temperature for 20 days during the winter production cycle and for just 7 days during the summer cycle. Changes in litter moisture showed an upward trend in time. Litter moisture was greater next to walls than in the centre of the production facility. The time course of litter moisture was approximated by a quadratic function. Results of ground temperature measurements revealed considerable heat accumulation in the ground and its cooling during technolo

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Agricultural Engineering
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7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Agronomy
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There were tested water extracts from selected Geraniaceae plants. It was observed that the plant extracts investigated inhibit feeding and development of Colorado potato beetle. The greatest antifeedant activity towards Colorado potato beetles and their larvae was noted for Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey and Geranium sanquineum L. extracts. The Pelargonium x hortorum Bailey extract added to food showed unfavourable effect on the development of female reproductive organs and significantly inhibited the number of eggs laid, however it showed effective neither towards the period of winter diapause nor towards spring emergence of beetles. The highest effectiveness under field conditions was recorded for extract from Erodium cicutarium L.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Agronomy
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The authors calculated the total sum of microelements in plants and determined the percentage share of specific elements in this sum according to the ANE method. Then, both the changes of the microelements share in the sum and the changes of absolute microelement concentrations in plant tissues depending on soil pH were investigated. The sample collections of four plant species from the Silesia region, Poland, constituted the research material (156 samples in total). It was found that, in general, the Mn share in the sum decreased and the Fe share increased with increasing pH level. Moreover, the change of micronutrient weight-concentrations in plant tissues, which was caused by the pH changes, did not correspond with the change of the micronutrient relationship in the total sum. This result suggests that the assessment of micronutrient status in plants is not a reliable enough method when basing solely on the absolute weight-concentration in plant tissues.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Agronomy
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of Reglone Turbo 200 SL (diquat) as a desiccant applied to ‘Sonet’ narrow-leaved lupin on protein, amino acid, soluble carbohydrates and hemicellulose content in seeds. Reglone Turbo 200 SL was used at the dose of 2.0 l·ha-1 on day 35 after lupin flowering. The diverse weather conditions significantly influenced the accumulation of some amino acids (threonine, proline, cysteine, glycine, tyrosine, leucine, histidine and lysine), content of soluble sugars and hemicellulose in the seeds tested. The desiccant applied to plants resulted in drought effect and hence an increase in soluble sugars content, particularly cyclitols (D-pinitol, D-chiro-inositol, myo-inositol). A similar effect was observed for hemicellulose. The desiccant applied did not modify the profile, content of amino acids and protein in the seeds tested.

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Agronomy
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The aim of the present work was to determine the variability and genetic determination of β-glucan content in the wort of spring barley as well as other significant traits, such as: yield, 1000 kernel weight, earliness, plant height and resistance to lodging and powdery mildew. Also the phenotype correlations between the analysed traits were examined. The objects of the investigation were spring barley strains of F6 – F7 generation evaluated in 2000-2002 in three locations. With the exception of 1000 kernel weight, genotypes were differentiated in relation to all the traits investigated. Nearing and high values CV(p) and CV(g) suggest that the variability of the barley examined forms with regard to this trait results from both genetic and environmental determinations. The barley strains examined could be a starting point for the cultivation of spring barley oriented both at decreased and increased β-glucan content while a high coefficient o

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Agronomy
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Over 2001-2003 there was researched an effect of various tillage methods on the reduction of weed infestation of a long-term fallow. The number of germinating weeds was analysed; the weeds had been obtained from a few-time-mixed soil samples collected from the top soil layers under the conditions of direct sowing, traditional ploughing, multistage ploughing and ploughing with a skim coulter. The results were compared with the abundance of weeds per 1 m2 under field conditions. The log-linear analysis showed a considerable effect of weather conditions (years) on the abundance of germinating weeds in 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25 cm layers. Multistage ploughing and ploughing with a skim coulter significantly decreased the number of germinating weeds in the top soil layers, as compared with the traditional plough and direct sowing. After two years of varied tillage methods considerably lower weed abundance was recorded for all the tillage variants, as compared with the results obta

7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Agronomy
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The aim of the present research was to evaluate the yielding of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), 'Stadion' lawn cultivar grown for seed, depending on the sowing method, date and row spacing. The research was carried out at the Experiment Station for Cultivar Testing at Chrząstowo, in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz. The experiment was carried out over 1998-2002 in three series; each of them included the sowing year and two years of full use for farming purposes. The experimental factors included: I - sowing method/date: autumn pure stand, spring pure stand, undersown perennial ryegrass in spring barley cultivated for green matter and undersown perennial ryegrass in spring barley grown for grain, II - row spacing: 12 cm - narrow, 24 cm - average wide, 36 cm - wide and 48 cm - very wide. In the first year of full use for farming purposes, the seed yields were lowest when ryegrass was sown in autumn. Furthermore the yield of perennial ryegrass sown in spring in pure stand was significantly lower than that of undersown perennial ryegrass in barley in both its growing variants. The seed yield in the second year was significantly higher for sowing together with a cover crop, as compared with the yields obtained for autumn sowing. The application of varied row spacing showed a significant effect on the seed yield neither in the first nor in the second year of full use for farming purposes.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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Selection, one of the more important stages in fur animal breeding, is based on the phenotype of the animals only. Although a phenotype-based evaluation is the quickest and the simplest method that can be carried out in an on-farm environment, the results of such an evaluation, however, remain reliable exclusively in relation to highly heritable traits. The material comprised data collected from the breeding documentation of a standard mink reproduction farm and referred to 12 generations of animals. The covariance components of reproduction and conformation traits were estimated by means of the REML method based on a multitrait animal model, using the DMU software package. The components were used for a BLUP-based estimation of the breeding value of the animals. The genetic trends considerably differed from the phenotypic ones. Despite the fact that selection was carried out both for reproduction and conformation traits, only body size and conformation as well as fur quality were the trait

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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Czech Pied dairy cows were observed one day each month for the period of 12 months (12 test days). All the cows were in the first phase of lactation, i.e. up to 100 days after calving. The mean number of lactation was 2.8, the cows were on average 54.8 days after calving and the mean concentration of cholesterol in blood plasma was 3.93 mmol·dm-3 (149.4 mg·10-1dm-3). During the first 100 days of lactation milk yield amounted to 2 581 kg with 3.91% fat, 3.48% protein and 4.85% lactose. Despite high values of correlation obtained within single test day, relations for the entire year between blood plasma cholesterol concentration and milk production parameters did not reveal strong relationships (from –0.013 to +0.259). However, the graphic polynomial expression showed that cholesterol concentration tended to have negative relationship with milk fat or milk lactose content. The relationship between cholesterol and milk yield was mainly negati

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The material comprised the data on 12 generations of animals collected from the breeding documentation of a standard mink reproduction farm. Reproduction and conformation traits covariance components were estimated by means of the REML method based on a multitrait animal model, using the DMU software package. Estimated heritability coefficients demonstrate a low additive effect of animal on the discussed traits. Particularly low values of this index were related to litter sizes at birth and at weaning. As to the conformation traits, the heritability coefficients remained between 0.116 and 0.218. Additive maternal effect on the level of reproduction and conformation traits was also estimated in the studies. The value of the parameter was about twice as high as the genetic variability resulting from the additive value of an individual and ranged from 0.037 to 0.202. A significant importance for breeding is attributed to genetic associations among individual traits taken into account in the br

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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Different method for bone quality assay: bone strength and elasticity, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for estimation of mineral/organic matrix ratio and chemical composition of ash in bones of chickens, were used. Values of estimated indices are in clearly relation to kind of bones. In young chickens, the strength and elasticity parameters were significant lower in femur as in tibia. Presented results of mineral/organic matrix ratio and Ca-content in ash of bones stand in negative relation to elasticity (r2 = -0.72; -0.69) and in young broiler chickens measurements of mechanical parameters are for bone quality a informative characteristic.

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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Studies on genetic parameters that describe performance traits of stallions managed in Training Centres are of great importance, since they allow breeders to rationally design their breeding programmes. The outcomes of such studies also include breeding methods that are adequate for an improvement of traits which are of different heritability or which have different coefficients of correlation between them. As an effect of evaluated stallions will be significant over the decades to follow, the studies we have performed are important in terms of both theory and practice. The study covered performance test records of 2825 stallions tested in Training Centres in 1977-2000. Heritability estimates for the selected traits evaluated during performance tests were estimated with the REML method. The recorded values ranged from 0.09, for the pulse rate, to an exceptionally high record for dressage, as judged by foreign riders, reaching 0.95. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations were es

7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The response of broiler chickens on supplemented diets with Avilamycin (10 mg kg-1) or mannanoligosaccharides 1.0 or 2.0 / 1.0 / 0.5 g kg-1 analysed on basic of performance, carcass quality, number of microorganisms in jejunum and caecum content, was determined. The performance results by antibiotic and mannanoligosaccharides (MOS) supplementation of diets were comparable. Reduced number of intestinal pathogenic microflora (E. coli, Clostridium perfringens) was visible (p<0.05) in chickens from MOS (2.0 / 1.0 / 0.5 g kg-1) group in comparisons to control animals. The highest number of Lactobacillus spp. in intestine content was observed in antibiotic group.

7(2) #07
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The study was aimed at determining the effect of quail origin on their utility and egg quality traits. Young quails were reared at own farm under most favorable microclimate conditions using the standard feeding adapted to particular rearing stages. In the fifth week of life, the quails were weighted and three groups were formed for Pharaoh breed and White and Golden varieties, 24 birds each. Adult birds were kept in cages as before using standard microclimate parameters and 17 hours long light day. The feeding was based on whole-meal feed mix with nutritive value consistent with recommended poultry feeding standards. In the 18th week of life of the laying quails, 20 eggs of each group were collected to evaluate their quality traits. The effect of quail origin on laying rate and feed consumption converted to one egg was found. Relationship between the weight of egg and its morphological composition was stated, as well as that between the content of triglycerides in egg yolk and quail origin

7(2) #08
01 Sep 2004
Animal Husbandry
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Little information on emu incubation techniques has been published so far both in the Polish and foreign literature; hence this study, which is aimed to investigate effects of various levels of incubation relative humidity on the hatchability of emu eggs. Three levels of relative humidity (RH), 20, 25, and 30%, were applied to groups I, II, and III, respectively. The temperature 36.4°C was maintained constant in all the groups during the incubation. The poorest results were recorded in the group III with 30% relative humidity. Keeping lower humidity in the groups I and II resulted in improved hatchability, especially due to reduced percentage of crippled and weak chicks. It was found that humidity significantly influenced egg weight loss during incubation; lower relative humidity resulted in increased egg weight loss. Humidity also significantly influenced the body weight of the chicks. In the group with the lowest humidity, the ratio of the chick body weight to the initial egg weight w

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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Rapid growth of rodent densities in forests of the Central Europe is associated with mast seasons of deciduous trees, mainly oak and beech. This increase is explained by more abundant food base, mainly acorns, also in spring and summer.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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The study was carried out in the years 1998-2001 in Złotniki Experimental Farm. Observations included 82 female goats differentiated with respect to hornedness, age, breed and color. During the study period the animals were weighed seven times. The goats were observed in production conditions in groups arranged by goat-house workers. The number of animals in the observed groups was from 4 to 61. The same goats were observed in subsequent groups formed due to connecting and separating already existing groups. During the observation continuous recording was carried out. On basis of agonistic behavior for each individual a dominance index (di) was calculated being a quotient of the number of animals over which the individual dominates and the number of animals with which it enters into domination relationship.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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Numerous authors indicate a significant role of chemical information (scent) left in the environment in communication between individuals in natural mammal populations. The basic functions of olfactory signals in small forest rodents are believed to include information related to reproduction: identification of sex, age, sexual status and social position of prospective sexual partners. It seems that scent-marking of movement routes thus creating a network of scent trails in the environment, channelling animal movements and making finding the way easier (particularly in case of long-distance movements) is another very important function of scent marking. Some examples of field experiments that confirmed the concept of scent trails are presented and discussed. However, some experiments suggest that besides the use of olfactory information animals have also other possibilities of finding the way in unknown space.

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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A computer – aided semen analyzer (CASA) was used for monitoring some motility parameters of zebra mussel sperm after spawning for up to 1,5h at 22°C and after 24 hours of storage at 8°C. The mean percentage of motility (MOT) for sperm shortly after spawning was 70±2.0 %, VSL = 31.8±3.0 µm s-1, and VCL= 110.2±6.4 µm s-1. The motility expressed as LIN was 27.7±2.0 %, STR=44.5±4.8 %, ALH=8.7±2.0 µm, BCF=6.8±2.0 Hz. The data demonstrate a consistent decrease in VSL (12.8± 4.0), VCL (57.4± 5.7), LIN (15.8± 3.0) and ALH (1.1± 0.23) values after 24 hours. No significant differences were found for % of MOT, BCF and STR parameters values during the time of experiment. We found CASA analyzer as a proper tool helpful to discerning the quality of zebra mussel semen samples.

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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Field research was conducted to determine insects occurring on Rumex confertus Willd. The experiments were carried out in 1997, 1998, 1999 and additionally in 2001 from April to late September. The field trials were located in the natural habitat of R. confertus on meadows near Vistula river; in Bydgoszcz (53013'N, 18015'E) and Toruń (5302'N, 18061'E) vicinities. Mossy sorrel was injured by the following pests in order of feeding impact: Mamestra dissimilis Knoch., Rhinoncus pericarpius L., Phyllobius virideaeris Laich., and Phyllobius maculicornis Germ. The losses of R. confertus biomass were recorded throughout the whole growing season until the plants desiccating. Two generations of M. dissimilis in both locations were recorded. In case of R. pericarpius and Phyllobius spp. one generation was observed.

7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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The hypothesis, that shrews avoid intra- and interspecific aggression through a reduction of their loco-motor activity, was tested. In 55 neutral arena tests (each of 30-min-duration), 10 subadult individuals of Sorex minutus, 14 of S. araneus, 9 (including 1 adult male) of Neomys anomalus, and 13 of N. fodiens were used. Loco-motor activity and sum of conflicts (attacks, chases, escapes and threats) in 1st-5th minutes of interactions (phase I) and 10th-15th minutes (phase II) were compared. In all the species, both in intra- and interspecific interactions, a reduction of mobility between phases I and II was observed (in 6 out of 16 comparisons the difference was statistically significant, and in the 7th comparison it was fairly significant). The highest reduction of activity was observed in the smallest S. minutus, and the lowest reduction (no difference was significant) in the largest, dominating N. fodiens. In all the species, and in all combinat

7(2) #07
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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Field and laboratory research was conducted to determine the effect of five herbicides on Rumex confertus Willd. which is the host of Gastroidea viridula Deg. and Gastroidea polygoni L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Herbicide treatment effected plant growth, but new leaf rosettes were produced by the end of the summer. Survival, seasonal abundance and development of investigated insects were significantly reduced. Beetles and larvae avoided feeding on herbicide treated plants.

7(2) #08
01 Sep 2004
Biology
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The studies were carried out at the Experimental Station of the Agricultural University in Wrocław in 1998-2002. The aim of the study was to compare the species spectrum of hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) collected by different methods. Four methods were applied: collection in yellow water traps, sweeping, direct collection, and rearing of the pupae collected directly from cultivated plants in the field. In the yellow traps, various and numerous species of Syrphidae were captured, but weather conditions had strong effect on their abundance. In some years, in yellow traps there were found species (Metasyrphus corollae, Melanostoma mellinum) that only foraged for food or were on migration towards south of Europe and that were absent or scarce among hoverflies reared from the pupae. Hoverflies collected using a sweeping net or directly were usually not numerous and represented mainly two genera: Sphaerophoria and Melanostoma. These two collection metho

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Biotechnology
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One wild-type strain and eight mutants of the fungi species of Aspergillus niger were screened for their ability to produce oxalic acid on lipids media using batch fermentation. All of the tested fungi strains were able to utilize crude rapeseed oil as energy and carbon source. A final oxalic acid concentration ranged from 8 to 66.1 g/L, depending on the strain used. A. niger XP (induced with UV irradiation) was found to be the most suitable for oxalic acid production from lipid substrates. The highest production of oxalic acid (66.1 g/L), the oxalate yield (1.39 g/g) and the overall oxalate productivity (9.4 g/L·d) were obtained when the fermentation medium contained 50 g/L of oil and at pH 5 maintained from the beginning of the fermentation process.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Biotechnology
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The aim of the work was to obtain fusants of Saccharomyces and Schwanniomyces yeast strains. Biological material was composed of Schwanniomyces occidentalis ATCC 48086, Saccharomyces cerevisiae "malt", Saccharomyces diastaticus ATCC 13007. The use of natural markers, such as the growth of Schwanniomyces strain in medium with cyclohexymide and the growth of Saccharomyces yeast at 400C helped select 26 fusion products. Genetic analysis of DNA using the PCR method showed the presence of three hybrids containing DNA of both parental strains.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Biotechnology
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The stimulating effects of methanol on the growth and production of oxalic acid from post-refining fatty acids (by-product of plant oil production containing free fatty acids) by a mutant of Aspergillus niger were investigated in submerged fermentation experiments. Both the final concentration and the yield of the product were highest when 1.5 % (w/v) methanol was added at the time of inoculation culture. With a medium containing of 50 g/l fatty acids, production reached a maximum of 75 g/l oxalic acid with yield on fatty acids consumed up to 1.57 g/g after 7 d. The concentration of oxalic acid and the product yield was 1.4 and 1.34 times higher, respectively, than the control (without methanol).

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Biotechnology
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The influence of chemical disinfection of barley grain and addition of biomass of Geotrichum candidum in the process of steeping or germinating the grain on the enzymatic and technological quality of malt was examined. Rudzik brewing barley grain disinfected using formalin or biologically protected using G. candidum strains 1, KC3 and KB5, was used as experiment material. The starter cultures were added during steeping or at the beginning of germination. It was observed that the use of formalin negatively influenced the modification of malts and resulted in, among others, lowered Kolbach index (by 4.3% avg.). Addition of starter cultures to the first steeping water was favourable for the creation of enzymatic potential of malts. As compared to the control sample, starter malts were characterised by higher activity of beta-glucanase (by 24 U·kg-1) and alpha-amylase (by 20 U·g-1) and by higher diastatic power (by 20 WK-u). The best enzymatic a

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Biotechnology
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The influence of additional enzymes: lysophospholipase, beta glucanase and pentosanase on corn and wheat starch were studied. Research was carried out with different starch concentration, enzyme dosages and time of enzyme action. The following analyses were made: dextrose equivalent, the iodine absorbance value, and colour measurement, viscosity and filtration rate. Simultaneous action of alpha amylase and lysophospholipase on corn starch influence on the increase of filtration rate of hydrolysates by 12% and on the decrease of their viscosity, colour indicator and iodine absorbance. Beta glucanase and pentosanase complex used together with lysophospholipase independently on way their introduction to starch increase 2.5 times of the filtration rate of wheat hydrolysates.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Civil Engineering
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The work presents theoretical bases of an indicator for estimating the arrangement of rural roads in a terrain relief. The indicator bases on the comparison between azimuths of agricultural roads and terrain aspect. The physical interpretation of the indicator is meant as planar angle between the road and the theoretical line ideally perpendicular to slope. Thanks to the physical, non-expert basis of the indicator it is possible to choose arbitrary ranges and thresholds by classifying roads to perpendicular-, diagonal- and along- slope arrangement classes.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Civil Engineering
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7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Civil Engineering
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7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Civil Engineering
citation  abstract  pdf 
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7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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Dairy products have an important role in a sufficient and balanced nutrition. In this study, to examine the consumers’ behaviour on purchasing and consumption, a survey was carried out by using face-to-face interviewing method with the households in Adana city of Turkey. A factor analysis was realized to determine the highlights of consumers on purchasing dairy products. According to the analysis results, branded products, quality, hygiene and health, availableness, and finally price range were determined as important factors affecting the purchasing tendency. The results of factor analysis processed to cluster analysis and created two clusters. The consumers in the first cluster pay more attention to the factors that were branded products, quality, hygiene and health and availableness. The consumers in the second cluster were more sensitive to the price range and the other factors have less effect in purchasing behaviour. Additionally it was determined that the most important reason led th

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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This paper describes the indicators of the present and future economical situation. The discriminant analysis has been used. The real income increase, gross fixed capital formation and low USD/PLN exchange rate are the good prosperity indicators. The next year prosperity is indicated by high increase of the gross fixed capital formation, high current account and budget deficit values (as GDP %) and decreases of the private and public consumption expenditure, export and low unemployment rate at the end of the year.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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The paper presents a comparative analysis of dairy cooperatives according to both quality of management and quality of production. The study results indicated that in regard to employment structure based on the level of education, the disparities between cooperatives of the A group and “Swietokrzyskie” (B group) cooperatives were quite remarkable – in the first group of cooperatives the proportion of employees with higher education was double of that in the second group. The figures also suggest clearer differences when milk quality is taken into consideration. In cooperatives of the A group, the extra class milk noted a threefold higher percentage (76.2%) of total purchased milk than in the “Swietokrzyskie” cooperatives, whereas, respectively, the average procurement price of milk was 0.21 PLN higher, in 2001. Cooperatives of the A group had a considerably greater product assortment, consisting primarily of products based on high quality raw milk, while “Swietokrzyskie” cooperatives did no

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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The paper presents the strategic implementation process of West Pomeranian Province development on the basis of an operational program. In the first part of the paper, the author describes the legal and organisational foundations of Polish regional policy during the transition period and the implementation action sequences of development strategies. A program for entrepreneurship and innovation support in the West Pomeranian Province was selected as the implementation measure to be analysed. Its goals, assumptions and selected instruments of implementation have been described. The paper ends with diagnostic and prognostic conclusions about self-governmental regional development.

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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In the paper, the authors have presented the results of the survey conducted on the households of the Lublin province. The number of the households that have been investigated, totals 624. On the basis of the data that was obtained, it could conclude that the rural areas in Poland have considerable potential for growth. The sense of rootedness, which is the point of departure of the local development, is fairly strong among the peasant families. Vast majority of the people living in the country expresses the will to take action in order to improve the standard of living, and is inclined to devote a great deal of their free time to achieve it. It seems that the education of the local leaders is the necessary element in the construction of the civil society. The survey shows that the inhabitants of the rural areas want to solve their problems together and upgrade the life standard, yet they virtually do not know how to do it and how to begin. They need leaders who would show them the directio

7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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In the period of the last dozen or so years in Poland important changes in the level of the structure of alcoholic beverage consumption were noted. The demand for vodka has been gradually decreasing, whereas the demand for beer and wine has been steadily growing.

7(2) #07
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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This report starts with an overview based on national-level data from official sources and then presents the findings of a survey of rural households conducted in 2001 in Mazowieckie region, Poland. The study focuses on income distribution differences and income level comparison among four subregions. The change of rural household living standard during the socio-economic transformation and the attitudes of rural households towards the transformation are also examined. By analyzing source of income and related effect factors, some components of potential sources of income and the policy urgently needed to develop rural area in Poland are suggested.

7(2) #08
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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Albanian society differs from the rest of Europe. It is dominated by the present form of a traditional institution, the patrilineal family, which has evolved over time. Networks of family and kin fulfil several functions undertaken elsewhere by a range of institutions. This structure limits possibilities for women, but it is also a major resource. The changes since 1990, one of the most important being land privatisation, have given rural households more autonomy and, on balance, have had an empowering effect for women, though at the cost of increasing their work and responsibility. Not all changes have been to women’s advantage. In the public sector cuts and shortages have disproportionately affected women, and their representation in political fora has greatly declined. The increased contact with other countries through work migration is a conduit for new ideas that help to improve women’s situation in the family, but innovations intended to empower women will only be successful if they t

7(2) #09
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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The paper presents conditions that contributed to development of agri-producer groups in Poland. The major part of the paper describes results of empirical research conducted in 62 agri-producer groups in Poland on year 2002. These results indicate many advantages achieved by farmers taking up integrated actions. They are mainly: gaining new sale markets, improvement in the quality of offered products, assuring regular supplies and proper preparation of products for sale. Moreover, members’ farms have undergone changes, which contribute to increase of competitiveness of Polish farms. The paper also presents regulations and laws that determine establishing and works of agri-producer groups and producer organisations in Poland.

7(2) #10
01 Sep 2004
Economics
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This paper shows the recent changes in brewery that were influenced by the globalisation, both on Polish and world market. It presents the high level of capital concentration as well as the condition and perspectives of small local breweries. It also indicates the changes in consumption and consumers’ preferences connected with the unification of habits. The article describes the impact of VAT and excise tax on Polish beer producers.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Environmental Development
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In the paper we proposed a methodology to distinguish the phases of the tree growth in thickness of an English oak in the past century based on the ring chronology. We analyzed northern, eastern, southern and western tree ring increments using both the statistical modeling and a taxonomic method. Each step of the methodological procedure was described in the paper and the results were displayed graphically in line plots via a dendrogram and set in a table. To familiarize the Reader with the chosen methodology, some general notes over the approaches were added to the text. In the analysis, three phases of the tree thickness growth in the examined monumental English oak in the 20th century were set up statistically. The average-annual increments for these phases were calculated and plotted. The appropriateness of this technique for a practical use in dendrochronology was concluded finally and its wider application suggested.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Environmental Development
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Solutions for storm sewage discharge from urban areas and waste waters management are presented in the paper. Contaminants carried by fall runoff from drained sites such as roads, car parks, squares, etc. pose a real threat to the natural water environment. The literature data gathered by many researchers has proven the maximum contaminants concentration in the storm sewage to occur in the first phase of the fall that tend to last from 15 to 20 minutes. During that phase observed contaminants concentration, which in general tend to consist of total slurry, COD, and chlorides in thaw periods, can be the order of highly concentrated industrial waste, therefore pre-treatment of storm sewage prior to its discharge into the collectors seems unquestionable. The most favourable and proper ways of storm sewage treatment shall be simple, semi-natural retention and infiltration systems, where processes leading to contaminants reduction are very much alike the ones in the natural water-soil environm

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Environmental Development
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The paper presents the results of examination some basic granulometric and hydraulic parameters such as changes in granulometry, velocity, shear stresses, Froude number, Reynolds number and flow resistance coefficient within the region of two different gravel bars in the mountain stream. The sediment samples were taken from points situated along the bars and from the riverbed in the area where the bars have their influence on the river regime. On the top of the granulometry and hydrodynamics survey there were also the chemical properties of the sediments, including heavy metals, examined. The main conclusion of the paper is that a point bar (developed on the river band) is less stable, than an up-of the obstruction bar (an alternate bar) developed along the river bank. Also there are number of observations connected with the hydrodynamics influence on stream bars formation. The study was undertaken on the Skawica-Jałowiecki Stream in the Polish part of the Carpathian Mountains.

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Environmental Development
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A new model humic acid (HA) have been synthetized from 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (juglone, J), an allelopathic compound occuring in leaves, nut shells, exsudates of roots and barks of Juglans genera. Aqueous solutions of J were autooxidised at different pH 6-10 with mineral matrices: bentonite, glass and silica. The very slow autooxidation reaction was monitored by means of chemiluminescence (CL) imaging and kinetics supported by a highly sensitive CCD camera Molecular Light Imager. In the course of autooxidation that lasted three weeks, an extremely low-intensity of CL was detected The reaction liquid was further treated according to the IHSS protocol to isolate humic acid fractions. Elemental analysis, UV-VIS and FTIR absorption spectra as well as fluorescence excitation and emission spectra were measured to characterise this new HA. Juglone-derived HA (JHA) in Na2CO3 was irradiated with UVC (254 nm) and induced changes in the UV-VIS absorption

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Environmental Development
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The work presents the research results on soil susceptibility to surface wash out, executed on model object (10 experimental plots of different soil kinds in black fallow at terrain slope 10%) in simulated rain (sprinkling) conditions.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Fisheries
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The study was done on common carp larvae, the embryonic development of which took place in clean tap water (control – K group) or at 0.2 mg·dm3 of copper (Cu group). The experiments were carried out until the 20 day from hatching. Among newly hatched larvae four types of body malformations were distinguished: A – curvature of the spine, B – C-shaped larva, E – deformed yolk sac, G – shortened body. These deformations are not copper-specific, and were observed also in fish exposed to other heavy metals. Deformations that impair larval locomotion must adversely affect feeding efficiency, thus would reduce larval survival. That was confirmed by the results concerning survival of larvae fed Artemia sp. nauplii. Only the larvae able to take up exogenous food survived until the end of the experiment. Copper exposure affected survival of larvae. Starved normal larvae from control group survived 19 days and started to die from the 13th day. The deformed larvae from Cu

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Fisheries
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The comparison of out-off-season spawning of two cultured ide stock were examined. The obtained results show, that is possible to reproduced ide a few months before their natural spawning season. Generally, the percentage of spermiation and ovulation was very high, as well as spawners survival. The biological quality of the gametes was higher in stock cultured at ponds, than from fish cultured under controlled conditions. One ide females from cultured stock under controlled conditions ovulated without hormonal stimulation (control group). The quality of oocytes collected from this fish was much lower than from hormonally stimulated fish.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The study has been carried out in order to optimise the conditions for the biodegradation of potato slops with a mixed population of thermophilic and mesophilic bacteria.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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Acrylamide and its analogues have been widely used since the last century for various chemical and environmental applications and can be formed by heating of biological material derived from plant tissues. This compound, identified previously as a potential industrial hazard, has now been found in many cooked foods.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The purpose of the investigations was to assess colour parameters and the content of hydroxymethylfurfural as indicators of the course of the Maillard’s reaction in UHT sterilised milk and to ascertain the extent of their mutual correlations. The UHT sterilised milk was stored for 24 weeks at temperatures of 4, 8 and 20°C. Colour L*, a* and b* parameters were measured instrumentally and, on their basis, the value of milk colour saturation C* as well as the difference in relation to the model of the ideal whiteness DE were calculated. The amount of total and free hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in milk was determined. From among all the examined milk samples, the milk stored at the lowest of the applied temperatures was characterised by the lowest values of the b* parameter, of the C* colour saturation and the difference in relation to the model of ideal whiteness DE. The concentration of the total and free HMF in milk intensified

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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Starch hydrolysates were prepared by hydrolysis of potato and corn starch mixture with a heat-stable bacterial alpha amylase (Termamyl 120 LS) or with a heat-stable bacterial alpha amylase (Termamyl 120LS) and next with a fungal alpha amylase (Finizym 1600L). Additionally so-called filtration enzyme action was applied (Finizym, Neutrase, Lecitase, SP 348, Gammazym LPL). Introduction of these enzymatic preparations influenced on the increase of filtration rate of hydrolysates and decrease of their viscosity and transmittance value. “Filtration enzyme” did not influence on the carbohydrate composition.

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of this work was to study coating variables which may effect on vitamin B2 (riboflavin) concentrations when eggs are stored at or above refrigeration temperature. Two duplicate experiments were conducted to determine: (1) the effects of strains of hens (white or brown shelled eggs) on vitamin B2 levels of eggs; (2) the relationship between storage conditions (storage temperature and humidity); and (3) the effects of coating methods (waterglass, lime and 90 mg/kg paraffin) on vitamin B2 levels of eggs.

7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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Interrelationships between fine grid extract (as a dependent trait – X) and 6 independent traits (Y1, Y2…Y6): grain filling, malt protein, malt fragility, wort viscosity, diastatic power and fermentability were examined. The material for investigation was 235 varieties and strains of brewery spring barley examined in preliminary and secondary trials in 1999-2001.

7(2) #07
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The effect of storage on the cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) content, lipid oxidation, hydrolytic changes, pH, ascorbic acid and nitrite contents in metka sausage was studied. All parameters were examined after 1, 7, 14 days of storage at 4°C in darkness. Statistical analysis showed influence of storage time on all parameters. Significant increase (p = 0.05) of peroxide value, acid number and pH value was noted. Storage time had a significant effect (p = 0.05) on the decrease of ascorbic acid and nitrite level. The content of particular oxysterols and sum of oxysterols statistically decreased (p = 0.05).

7(2) #08
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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In the following work, it is proved that the usage of plasma proteins has badly effected the colour desirability in wiener sausages. In order to improve the degree of pigmentation, the cured blood and solution of betanin were used. The general optimisation procedure is based on determining the connection between the amount of added pigments and the colour desirability. First it was examined what ranges of L*, a*, b* (physical colour parameters) a sensory examination colour assessment (e.g. 4.0 points) can be related to. Next, it was examined what marks for the colour desirability were given to sausages colour with different amounts of single pigments and mixtures of various proportions.

7(2) #09
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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Flow behaviour of yoghurts and bioyoghurts produced from goat’s unconcentrated milk at using different starter cultures was compared. Four starter cultures were applied to the production of yoghurts and four to the production of bioyoghurts too. Rheological properties were examined using rotary viscometer Rheotest 2 with controlled shear rate in coaxial cylinders system. Flow curves of yoghurts and bioyoghurts were assigned and described by Ostwald de Waele, Herschel-Bulkley and Casson models. An apparent viscosity was counted for shear rate 3 s-1. Generally, higher viscosity of yoghurts in comparison to bioyoghurts was stated. The yoghurts were generally characterised by higher value of consistency coefficient K and yield stress than bioyoghurts. The yoghurts have shown likewise higher deviation from Newtonian flow (lower values of exponent n) than bioyoghurts.

7(2) #10
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various emulsifiers on stability of flavour emulsion being applied to production of soft drinks. Two preparations of gum arabic and hydrophobically modified starch have been applied to emulsify and stabilize the emulsion. The stability was determined by: the ringing test, centrifugal method and by determining the particle size of dispersed phase. In comparison with emulsions stabilized by single preparations, the improvement of emulsion stability was achieved by using together two preparations of gum arabic or modified starch and Valspray A in proportion 2:1. Higher degree of emulsion opacity was achieved by using mixture of gums arabic than by using the modified starch. Such higher opacity allows to obtain beverages with a typical cloudiness for natural juices.

7(2) #11
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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A study run in the years 2000–2002 aimed at determining the effect of the kind of redardant, application stage and rate on the yields and quality traits of winter wheat.

7(2) #12
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The tested strain of Bacillus subtilis DSM 347 was employed in investigations determining the impact of temperature and saccharose concentrations on the in vivo yield of levan synthesis. The best results were obtained in the treatment at 15% saccharose supplementation at 37°C. The obtained levan was subjected to acid and enzymatic hydrolysis and the composition of hydrolysates was examined using the spectrophotometric and densitometric methods on TLC plates.

7(2) #13
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The relationships between structural-mechanical properties of maltodextrine gels texture have been presented in this paper. The study shows substantial differences of the observed features between the industrial (Nowamyl) and laboratory maltodextrines (ME1 and ME2). Values of parameters such as strength, adhesion, ductility, and gumminess were higher for Nowamyl than for ME1 and ME2. In spite of a similar value of DE, industrial maltodextrine was harder and presented greater adhesion than ME1 and ME2 maltodextrines. The positive correlation between concentration and gel strength of all tested maltodextrines was observed. However, unessential influence of pH was indicated only for Nowamyl.

7(2) #14
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The effects of heating (80oC/10 min and 90oC/2 min) and pressurization (300, 600 and 900 MPa for 10 min and 300 MPa for 10 to 30 min) on foaming properties of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) obtained from whey retentate in mild conditions were compared in the pH range of 5.0 to 7.0. Generally, heating and pressurization improved the beta-Lg foamability, except that at pH 7.0 (1) heating of the protein worsened (80oC/10 min) the foaming properties or not changing (90oC/2 min) the foam capacity - improved the foam stability and (2) pressurization at above 300 MPa drastically worsened the foam stability (600 MPa) or caused that the foam was unstable (900 MPa). The highest foam capacity had beta-Lg pressurized for 10 min at 300 MPa in pH 7.0 and lengthening of the pressurization time up to 30 min resulted in the increase in the foam stability with the foam capacity being practically unchanged. The greatest improvement of beta-Lg foaming properties was f

7(2) #15
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The comparison of some properties of 4 celeriac varieties and evaluation of quality of minimally processed product obtained from them were studied in this work. Among the investigated varieties the flesh of cv. Mentor exhibited the slowest browning rate. The value of color brightness L* for the flesh of that variety was the highest. Air-packed celeriac flakes obtained from cultivars Mentor, Luna F1 and Makar after 6 days of storage at the temperature of 4°C exhibited typical sensory attributes. After 12 days of storage of minimally processed products a deterioration of color, smell and taste was observed. The color of flakes obtained from root celery variety Mentor during storage was evaluated considerably higher than that of flakes obtained from the other varieties.

7(2) #16
01 Sep 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The study compares different conditions of packaging apple slices subjected to vacuum impregnation with ascorbic acid, 4-hexylresorcinol, calcium chloride and sucrose. Packaging in modified atmosphere (MA) containing: 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% CO2, 2% O2 (nitrogen to 100%), packaging in nitrogen atmosphere with 2% O2, vacuum packaging and air packaging were applied. Vacuum packaging of apple slices subjected to processing made it possible to obtain the product with best sensory quality among all the tested packaging methods. The most effective method in terms of microflora growth inhibition on apple slices turned out to be modified atmosphere containing 4% CO2 and nitrogen atmosphere packaging. In case of vacuum packaging and air packaging counts of some groups of microorganisms during the storage of apple slices increased slightly, which however did not have a decisive effect on the microbiological quality of the product.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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The study examined relationships between air temperature, insolation, precipitation and the amount of annual radial increment of spruce in the years 1924-1994. For this analysis five spruce stands were selected from the upper forest zone from within the altitudes of 1150 and 1350 m above the sea level. It was determined that the similarity of ring-width chronology of spruce declined with the increase in altitude difference between the trees. Temperature exerted the greatest influence on the variability of their radial increment. Additionally, the role of temperature increased with the altitude above the sea level. The influence of precipitation and insolation on the variability of ring-width chronology was similar. The factors determining the similarity of radial increment rhythm at various altitudes of the upper forest zone included air temperature and insolation in spring and early summer (April-June). The factors diversifying the rhythm of spruce increment were summer air temperature (Ju

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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The purpose of this study was to assess the growth of tree species planted 20 years ago on a northern slope of the external spoil bank of the “Bełchatów” Brown Coal Mine. The results showed that black poplars and black locust were characterized by the highest mean volume of merchantable timber of a single tree. The lowest value of this characteristic was found for black alder. The ecological characteristics of tree species being introduced during reforestation of the postmining areas should be well adjusted to existing site conditions. In order to assess the value of individual tree species (in respect of their growth and productivity) for the reforestation of such areas the similar studies should also be undertaken in older stands growing in postindustrial grounds. Total results of such studies would make a prerequisite for formulation of general conclusions and recommendations for the reforestation projects.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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The experiments were carried out on pine trees (Pinus sylvetris L.) growing in a seedlings seed orchard. Pine trees were pruned at the following terms: 25th April 1995, 14th July 1995 and 1st March 1996. Each time, trees were pruned (4 whorls of branches were removed) using the four different types of saws. Whereas wounds left after the removal of branches were treated with: emulsion paint, lack-balsam and Funaben and some wounds were left untreated for control purposes (zero treatment).

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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The material for the studies were the results of the measurements carried out on 113 experimental trees coming from the experimental plots located in the monitoring network established in the Niepołomice Forest (Puszcza Niepołomicka) within the project FOREMMS 5PR UE [20]. After cutting down the trees wet biomass of twigs with needles was determined. Stem discs were also taken to make stem analysis. In laboratory conditions dry mass of twigs with and without needles was determined. The dry mass of stem and twigs was determined based on wood density in pine. Using the correlation analysis the features explaining most variability of respective components of the above-ground biomass of trees were selected. These features were used to assess empirical formulae to measure biomass. The formulae to assess biomass of stem, twigs, needles, cones were made as well as the formula to measure the whole biomass of the above-ground part. At the present stage the proposed empirical formulae can be applied

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
citation  abstract  pdf 
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7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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The performed investigations comprised 13 workplaces in the process of timber harvesting in premature stands managed in a motor-manual and mechanized technologies. Measurements of net energy expenditures were conducted with the help of the energy expenditure-measuring device MWE-1. Minute values of energy expenditure for individual activities (n=24) as well as energy costs for the working day (8h) were determined. The unit net energy expenditure ranged from 3.1 to 36.2 kJ/min. On the other hand, the recorded net energy cost of a workday ranged from 1.8 thousand to 11.5 thousand kJ. The following workplaces were classified as very heavy ones: fellers, feller’s assistants and skidders of short timber, while positions of operators of harvesters and forwarders were categorised as light.

7(2) #07
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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A short- and long-term variation of the tree-ring size of Norway spruce trees growing in 25 stands situated at various altitudes in the Western Beskid Mountains are discussed. It was found that air temperatures of winter and early spring were the most influential factors affecting the variation of radial increments. Also the temperature and precipitation of summer had a significant effect on the tree-ring size. Trees in the altitudinal zones: 450-750  m, 800-900  m and 950-1200  m showed a different increment rhythm. The air temperatures of summer were the factors differentiating their increment reactions. Trees growing above 950  m had the greatest thermic requirements. While trees growing between 800 and 900  m were mainly under a strong influence of pluvial conditions. Probably the air pollution was a significant factor, which during 1970-1985 weakened the biological activity of trees growing above 950  m. Since the mid-1990s there was an increase of average tree-ring sizes, and also the amplitude of changes of the ring size increased. This reflected an increased susceptibility of trees to meteorological stimuli of the environment, which may be the cause of their weakening and mass dying, mainly in the altitudinal zone of 800-900  m.

7(2) #08
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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Standing timber assessment shows that, in the area under research, it is spruce stands of artificial origin that are characterized by the best quality and value of timber. Rebuilt stands over 50 years old also gained high assessment with respect to the features under research. A relatively low assessment of timber quality in stands of natural origin may result from their advanced age and the fact of being protected as nature reserves. Timber quality in the area under research is also affected by the bedrock type and altitude.

7(2) #09
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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The presented paper analyzes the results of experimental determination related to selected quality indicators of logging in intermediate coniferous stands up to 30 – 45 years, using fully mechanized technology on the basis of medium or large category of harvester Valmet 911.1/6 and forwarder Valmet 9840.1/6 working in three-shift operation.

7(2) #10
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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There were undertaken researches describing quantitative changes of water storage in wayside zone soils, as well as the differences in storage, caused in this zone by cut of water-bearing layers connected with the road excavations. It was assumpted, that studying the water storage in land profiles suitably situated in relation to road course, it is possible to establish the road draining effect. Near the same road three transverse sections were chosen, on each of them three land profiles. And in separate layers the moisture sensors were placed. The moisture, measured on improved conductometric method, was according to original methodology by Kucza and Suliński counted on water storage in profile layers dimension. Measurements were taken in Beskid Śląski forests in vegetative period of 1999 year (27. III – 29. X) once a week. Separate measuring session with everyday observations lasted for eight days (7-14. VIII. 1999r). Researches were conducted in the same places, utilizing the same measur

7(2) #11
01 Sep 2004
Forestry
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A tool carrier was designed for work in closed spaces. A sowing section of the seeder was modified, which permitted sowing of Scots pine seed in rows, 0.05 m wide. Modification of the sowing assembly also permitted to sow two rows during a single passage of the section, and this increased efficiency of sowing. Results of this study showed that the designed unit can be used for sowing under controlled conditions. Apart from better distribution of seedlings in comparison with hand sowing, a 35 % seed saving was obtained.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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The studies concerning the species composition and population dynamics of aphids inhabiting the shrubs of Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder et E.H. Wilson were conducted in two sites: street site (A) and park site (B) on the green areas of Lublin in the years 1999-2001. Three species of aphids, namely Aphis pomi De Geer, Aphis fabae Scop. and Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walk.) were found on examined shrubs. All aphids species occurred in greater number in park site (B). A. pomi was the most numerous aphid species in both sites. Hot summer with air temperatures above 30°C and stormy rainfalls clearly decreased number of all aphid species.

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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Three aphids species: Aphis pomi De Geer, Aphis fabae Scop. and Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walk.) were observed on the shrubs of Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder et E.H. Wilson in the urban habitat of Lublin. A. pomi was dominated species in all years of study in both sites and it clearly decreased decorative values of cotoneaster shrubs, caused deformations of young shoots and leaves. Predators and parasitoids of I and II grades were observed in aphids colonies but they had no significant effect on limiting the aphid population.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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The studies estimated the effect of coconut fibre on the rooting of Pelargonium hortorum L.H. Bailey cuttings, ‘Präludium’ cultivar, at two dates – from 11 January to 8 February and from 14 February to 14 March, 2003. The cuttings were rooted in the medium consisting of high peat and perlite (4:1, v/v) and 15, 30 and 50% coconut substrate, respectively. The medium containing 30% of coconut fibre favoured the earlier formation of roots, at the same time increasing the mass of the root system, especially at the early date of rooting.

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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The effects of cuttings harvesting date, rooting temperature and hormone powder on rooting of Aubrieta cultorum cuttings were investigated. The percentage of rooted cuttings varied depending on rooting dates. In the summer (July 6 and August 17) 98% and 98.6% of cuttings formed adventitious roots. In the autumn (September 28 and November 9) 100% of cuttings formed adventitious roots. However, there were big differences in number of roots per cutting and root system quality depending on a date, temperature and rooting powder applied. The cuttings formed root system of the best quality with the highest number of roots, when they were prepared on September 28 and treated with Ukorzeniacz A (0.3% IBA, 0.1% Benomyl and 1% Captan). Cuttings treated with Ukorzeniacz B (0.2% NAA, 2.5% Benomyl and 1% Captan) and Ukorzeniacz AB (0.3% NAA, 0.05% IBA, 2% Benomyl and 1% Captan) had lower number of roots and lower quality but higher than control cuttings. Temperature 10°C was better than 15&de

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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Studies on the species composition and population dynamics of aphids colonizing the shrubs of Rosa canina L. were conducted in the years 1999-2001 in the urban conditions of Lublin. The shrubs growing in two sites: a street (A) and a park (B) ones were selected for observation. Eight aphid species were found on rose shrubs as a result of studies, namely Myzaphis rosarum (Kalt.), Macrosiphum rosae (L.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Walk.), Chaetosiphon tetrarhodus (Walk.), Aphis fabae Scop., Maculolachnus submacula (Walk.), Longicaudus trirhodus (Walk.), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thom.). Those aphids were more numerous in the street site (A). Their population dynamics was affected by weather conditions, especially heat periods and stormy rainfalls.

7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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The study examined the effect of 17 fungi species obtained from the leaves and stems of St. John’s wort (Hypericum performatum L.) on the growth of Seimatosporium hypericinum. The fungi that strongest limited the growth and sporulation of S.hypericinum included Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium roseum. The studied species from the genus of Trichoderma caused complete death colonies and conidiospores of the pathogen as early as after 5-12 days, while G.roseum after 34 days of common growth. The growth of S.hypericinum was also inhibited by the fast growing species from the genera of Fusarium and Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Phoma exigua var. exigua. With its common growth with C.gloesporioides and P.janthinellum, the pathogen formed an inhibition zone of 1-2 mm.

7(2) #07
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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Rooted cuttings of 11 pot chrysanthemum cultivars from the Time group were planted every month into pots 14 cm in diameter and treated with short photoperiod from the first day of greenhouse culture.

7(2) #08
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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Two experiments were carried out to determine the effect of gibberellic acid on the longevity of cut flowers of two Zantedeschia elliottiana (W. Wats.) Engl. cultivars: 'Black Magic' and 'Florex Gold'. The flowers were conditioned for 2, 4 and 20 hours in water solutions of 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate at concentrations of 200 mg l-1, and then kept in water or gibberellic acid solutions at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg l-1. Gibberellic acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate had different effects on the quality of cut flowers of Zantedeschia elliottiana cultivars: 'Black Magic' and 'Florex Gold'. Gibberellic acid at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg l-1 caused an elongation of peduncles of unconditioned inflorescences in 'Black Magic'. A similar response was observed in unconditioned flowers put in water. In cultivar 'Florex Gold', both concentrations of gibberellic acid caused a lengthening of flower peduncles irrespective of the duration of conditi

7(2) #09
01 Sep 2004
Horticulture
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Only two species of bean are popular in cultivation in Europe, also in Poland: common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.).

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The goal of the research has been to determine the influence of ground seeds of yellow lupin of MARKIZ and TEO types on the value of selected fermentation parameters of rumen fluid in vitro. The following fermentation parameters were analyzed: the concentration of ammonia, total protein, methane and lactic acid as well as pH of the contents. The samples for analysis were drawn in the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 24-th hour of fermentation. Fermentation was conducted in specially designed vessels. It was determined, basing on the conducted tests, that the addition of yellow lupin to the fermented rumen contents caused the increase of ammonia concentration in all samples (except a sample including TEO type seeds in the amount of 1g per vessel in the 24-th hour of fermentation). The highest increase of ammonia level was observed in the 24-th hour of incubation after addition of 5g of MARKIZ type lupin. The mean values of total protein in the fermented contents with the addition of both types of yell

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The cerebellum of the cow fetuses age 8,12,14,16,18,20, 23 weeks were used in this work. Morphometric analysis of cerebellum nuclei in fetal life of cattle were examinated.The material was imbedded in parafin and sections were cut in the frontal plane and stained according to the Nissl’s, Klüver- Barrera’s method and with cresyl violet. The measurement of neurocyte and neuroblastes was done by morphometrical analysis in program Multi Scan. The length, wight and area of the cyton and diameter of the neurocytes nuclei were measure. According to the results the graphs showing the changes of examined parameters in various developmentalperiod were made.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The fungus Ascosphaera apis (Plectomycetes, Ascosphaeraceae) (Maassen ex Claussen), is the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.). By using the histological studies, the process of infection of honey bee brood by the Ascosphaera apis was observed, by feeding 3rd instar larvae with a dose of 5 x 105 ascospores in 5 µl of 35% (w/v) sucrose solution. The spores were seen in the midgut lumen. The young hyphae penetrated the peritophic membranes, epithelial cells and basal membrane. After 3 days, the hyphae grew in haemocoel, the fat body and other larval tissues. During the following 2 days, the hyphae penetrated the integument and grew aerially. The first spore cysts were observed on 6th day after the penetrating of the integument of infected larvae. The hyphae of Ascosphaera apis was not observed inside the trachea.

7(2) #04
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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An experiment was carried out evaluating the course of cellular response in turkeys receiving propranolol and ACTH.

7(2) #05
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The study was carried out on 22 winter–lambing, suckling Polish Longwool sheep variety Kamieniecka. The completion of uterine involution was determined by means of transrectal ultrasonography. Parameters for the evaluation of uterine involution were the transversal diameter and the presence of uterine lumen. The uterine involution was finished in 5 (22.7 %) ewes till day 25 p.p., in 12 (54.5 %) till day 30 p.p. and in 18 (81.8 %) till day 35 p.p. The results of the present study confirmed that ultrasonography is a useful and reliable method to observe the uterine involution in sheep and showed that the uterine involution in most winter-lambing Polish Longwoll sheep variety Kamieniecka finishes untill day 35 p.p.

7(2) #06
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The experiment was carried out on 10 clinically healthy Black-and-White calves during the first seven days of postnatal life. The concentration of ANP in blood plasma was determined with radioimmunoassay. The molality of blood plasma and urine was measured and osmolar clearance, free-water clearance, and free-water reabsorption were calculated.

7(2) #07
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The studies were conducted on 70 piglets, divided into four groups: Group I - control – 10 piglets not receiving probiotics; Group II – 20 piglets given, starting from the 3rd day after birth, live cells of Bifidobacterium breve and animalis; Group III – 20 piglets given, starting from the 3rd day after birth, live cells of Bifidobacterium breve and animalis with an addition of bifidogenic substances; Group IV – 20 piglets given, starting from the 3rd day after birth, a mixture of live cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium breve and animalis with an addition of bifidogenic substances. All piglets aged 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days were subjected to clinical, hematological and biochemical examinations. Hematological examinations included the determination of: the count of red blood cells (Erys), the count of white blood cells (Lkcs), the hemoglobin level (Hb), the value of hemat

7(2) #08
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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A description of the karyotype of six specimens of the common vole (Microtus arvalis) from the Sowie Mountains is given. All animals had got diploid number of chromosomes 2n = 46. Among small autosomes were 13 pairs of bi-armed chromosomes (meta- and submetacentrics) and 4 pairs of telocentrics. The number and morphology of chromosomes show that all studied animals represent Microtus arvalis species - form ,,arvalis” .

7(2) #09
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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Bronchoalveolar lavage – BAL serves for taking material from bronchi and alveoli. The examination was carried out in 10 clinically healthy dogs, of different breed, size and sex aged from 1 to 16 years of age. Bronchoalveolar lavage was conducted during bronchoscopy. On the basis of the cytological examination it was found that alveolar macrophages prevailed – from 64% to 92% (on average 77.1 ± 9.42 %). Apart from them, lymphocytes occurred – from 2% to 28% (on average 16.4 ± 8.8 %), neutrophiles – from 0% to 8% (on average 5.3 ± 2.24%) and eosinophils – from 0% to 4% (on average 1.2 ± 1.33%). In the microbiological examination of bronchoalveolar fluid, the occurrence of bacteria or mycetes was not found.

7(2) #10
01 Sep 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The objective of the study was to trace morphological changes in the wild boar semen in annual cycle. During 14 months 167 ejaculates were obtained from 3 boars. Smears were made of each ejaculate and evaluated. Classification of morphological changes of spermatozoa was based on Blom's scheme. Most defects of spermatozoa were found to vary seasonally. The proportion of normal spermatozoa in wild boar semen was the lowest in autumn, the main defect being spermatozoa with plasmatic droplets in proximal or distal position. However, in none of the months the proportion of defective spermatozoa exceeded 25%, which suggests that the observed morphological changes did not limit the fertility of the examined boars.

7(2) #01
01 Sep 2004
Wood Technology
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Swelling pressure in longitudinal direction has been determined on the basis of the time dependence of intensity of hygro-mechanical creep on the stretching, by the method of Moliński and Raczkowski [11]. The external stress needed for total inhibition of unidirectional spruce wood longitudinal swelling has been established. The maximum value of the swelling pressure determined on the basis of hygro-mechanical deformations of spruce wood samples simultaneously subjected to stretching in longitudinal direction and moistening is 14.4 MPa which is by 60% higher than the corresponding value found by the direct method of swelling inhibition for spruce wood sample of the same density. The probable reason for getting higher values of the maximum swelling pressure by the indirect method applied was the elimination of the sample buckling and a shortening of the time needed to reach the swelling pressure maximum, so reduction of the effects of the relaxation processes on the final result of swellin

7(2) #02
01 Sep 2004
Wood Technology
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In our paper we have concentrated on determination of the influence of plastification on changes of properties of aspen wood for the purpose of its shaping. We were concentrated on the bendability, density and the stability of compressed wood.

7(2) #03
01 Sep 2004
Wood Technology
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Currently, the basic way of wood moisture content decrease control during drying process is measurement of that moisture content with resistance meters on a random selection of timber items. The results of that measurements are particularly unreliable, especially at wood moisture content below fibre saturation point and, on the other hand, they are influenced by accuracy of sample’s choice. Research considered the problem of monitoring of water mass flow that is removed with air in order to control the course of drying process. As a results of experiments, during drying of pinewood timber, it was stated that the monitoring of outlet air state allows for the verification of measurements of moisture content with resistance meters. The monitoring of air state at inlet and outlet of a kiln creates the possibilities of a more complex control of wood drying process.


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