EJPAU, 2001, Volume 4, Issue 2

The paper presents results of estimating the technical state of spray nozzles placed on a spray boom hanging over a patternator. Results of laboratory tests were analyzed considering the criteria of estimation binding in Poland in reference to electronic and manual patternators. Theoretical considerations are used to determine the equivalence of those criteria.

Linear viscoelasticity of the studied material was assumed in the range of strain up to 0.08 mm/mm. A general Maxwell model was suggested to describe the reaction of apple sample to loading. In stress relaxation experiment two kinds of samples that had been cut from the same fruit were axially compressed. One specimen was free to expand in radial direction, while the other one was constrained in a rigid container.

Nowadays the lupine varieties contain less alkaloid what makes it possible to use them as feed components in larger proportions. The purpose of this paper is to provide some new possibilities of improving lupine seed quality, by application of simple mechanical hulling method. The influence of hulling conditions on the quality of final product was analyzed. Some factors that affect the hulling process kinds of used equipment as well as the physical properties and chemical composition of lupine seeds were discussed. The best results of hulling process was acquired on the specially adapted roller mill. Preliminary treatment of raw material also affected the hulling process in the large scale.

Wheat and wheat-rye doughs, including those modified with ingredients, were frozen at -30°C in air recording their temperature with a digital thermometer. After preliminary baking the following were determined: dough and bakery efficiency, crump mass density, bakery volume, baking, total baking loss and crust-crump ratio. The rheological assessment was made after TPA test, while organoleptic evaluation included: bakery appearance, colour, crust thickness, elasticity, crump porosity, taste and flavour.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry Method (DSC) was used for determining the parameters of garlic freeze drying process. Garlic with moisture content ranging from 17 to 87% in temperatures from -28 to 5°C (245-278 K) was investigated. The transitions, including change of water into ice (crystallization) and condensed inter-crystalline solution into amorphous solid, were considered. The melting point of ice crystallites T_m and glass transition temperature T_g' were read out from the registered thermographs. Critical moisture of garlic, determining the onset of forced drying stage, was estimated.

The method of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used for determination of the garlic specific heat. The measurements were carried out in the range of material moisture from 17 to 87% and in the temperatures from 283 to 333 K (10-60°C). The analysis of measurement results, aided with the methods of mathematical statistics, summarises the complex behaviour of the change in specific heat versus moistening of garlic and its temperature, and compares it with reference data.

Results of compression tests of various strain rates with measurements of the total counts sum of the acoustic emission for the samples of six selected potato varieties with various appropriations have been presented. It was shown that an increase in the strain rate cause a decrease in failure strain and an exponential increase in the total counts sum. No influence of the strain rate on the failure stress was observed. It was found that the total counts sums were higher in the case of edible medium-late varieties as compared to the medium-early starch varieties within the range of the strain rates studied. No such relation was found for the failure stress and failure strain.

The paper deals with measurement and classification of the size of the splashed drops of rain using a new formula of classification. According to the new idea a measuring instrument was constructed, in which fast comparators are used. This method of classification offers more exact measurement of the number of drops in every class of size. The older apparatus lost some of the splashed drops, so estimation of the distribution of the effects of the splash was less exact.

A three-year field experiment investigated the effectiveness of symbiosis between extremely extensively used fodder galega (Galega orientalis Lam.) plants and Rhizobium galegae. A bacterial culture was obtained from root nodule bacteria and applied onto seeds prior to sowing. In summer each year, over the maximal biomass development as well as in autumn the weight of the underground and over-the-ground plant parts was measured, including the content and accumulation of basic elements. The effectiveness of symbiosis between inoculated and non-inoculated plants was visible with a more rapid development, twice higher biomass increase over the sowing year, eleven-fold higher over the second research year and fifteen-fold – over the third year. Inoculated plants contained on average by 1% of nitrogen more than non-inoculated, and over the third research year, over the greatest biomass development, accumulated from a few to a few dozen-fold more phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, cal

The paper showed the applicability of the PCR method to an early identification of Fusarium avenaceum and Fusarium culmorum in infected tissues of selected crops. The polymerisation chain reaction used species-specific SCAR primers. There was observed a discrepancy between the size of multiplied DNA of Fusarium avenaceum fragment and that of Fa-U17f 5’, Fa-U17r earlier described by authors of primers. The present research product size for F. avenaceum was 950 bp, while for F. culmorum - 472 bp which confirmed the reports by other authors.

The paper presents the results of 3-year pot experiment, aimed at defining the impact of soil moisture on selected biometric characteristics, dry matter yield and yield quality. The research covered four orchard grass cultivars, ‘Amera’, ‘Astera’, ‘Bepro’, ‘Potomac’, different in earliness, cultivated under four field water capacities (80%, 65%, 50% and 35% FWC). Tillering, leaf blade area and dry matter yield were most considerably enhanced by moderate soil moistures, 65% and 50% FWC. However the reaction to soil moisture differed across cultivars. ‘Amera’ yielded significantly highest under 50% FWC, ‘Astera’ yielded similarly under 65% and 80% FWC, ‘Bepro’ under 65% and 50%, while the highest yield of ‘Potomac’ was obtained under 65% FWC. ‘Astera’ was most prolific, developed the greatest number of shoots and the greatest leaf blade assimilation area. The soil moistures affected the contents of crude protein and water-soluble carbohydrates; the grater the soil moisture the lower the conte

A strict, two-factor field experiment in split-block design with the control was carried out at the Mochełek Experiment Station over 1997-1999. Plants of ‘Teo’, traditional yellow lupin cultivar, were treated with varied doses of growth regulators and Ekolist (macro- and micro-nutrient fertiliser) at the beginning of plant flowering. The following growth regulators were applied: auxin – indole-3-butritic acid (A), cytokinin – 6-benzyloaminopurine (C), gibberellin (gibberellic acid) (G), A+C, A+G, A+C+G and Ekolist, all of them applied in three doses: low, medium and high. Over the successive research years the plants were sprayed on June 25, 14 and 14. Over full flowering, 20 control-plot plant flowers on the main stem and branches were counted. Before harvest 20 plants were sampled from each plot to determine the seed yield components. The growth regulators and Ekolist applied limited the unfavourable abscission of generative organs, which resulted in a significantly higher, than the contr

The research included a static crop-rotation field experiment set up in 1993: sugar beet – winter wheat – faba bean – winter barley + stubble intercrop and covered the effect of three soil cultivation systems: A – ploughing cultivation, B – ploughless cultivation, C – direct sowing on selected chemical properties of soil sampled from three soil profile layers: 0 – 10 cm, 10 – 20 cm and 20 – 30 cm. The ploughless soil cultivation and direct sowing increased the contents of organic C, total N and available K and decreased the content of exchangeable Mg in the upper soil layers. The content of available P and exchangeable Ca did not depend on the factors studied significantly. Giving up ploughing cultivation and taking up direct sowing increased the sum of exchangeable bases and the tendency to decrease soil pH_KCl.

The 1999-2001 study investigated the effect of simplified tillage methods on culm base diseases in eight winter wheat cultivars as cereal crop rotations with a yearly cereal cultivation intermission. The disease intensity was more affected by the weather over the growing season than by the tillage methods applied. A decreased rainfall over flowering and draught in June and July of 2000 decreased infection and revealed no differences between the traditional method and direct sowing. However in 1999 and 2000 an intensified culm base occurrence was recorded due to traditional soil cultivation and weather conditions were most responsible for differences in the number of fungi across the tillage methods. Wheat cultivars were most infected by Fusarium fungi, while F. culmorum and F. equiseti were most intensive whenever traditional land cultivation was applied, unlike ploughless tillage of 1999. In 2000, however, F. culmorum was more numerous when direct sowing was app

The research aimed at defining a regenerating effect of stubble intercrop fertilised with cattle slurry and wheat straw on the value of spring barley stand. A strict field experiment, set up as a randomised split-plot design, was carried out over 1996-2000 at the Mochełek Experiment Station, in the Kujawy and Pomorze Province. White mustard, radish, winter rape, sunflower and blue phacelia were sown as stubble intercrops. The culm disease infection was defined on barley culm base. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium genus fungi, F. culmorum especially, constituted the greatest, while Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides and Rhizoctonia spp. much lower threat for barley. There was shown a favourable effect of fertilising on the barley culm base health status. A significantly lower infection was observed following the application of straw, especially when barley was cultivated after mustard, rape and sunflower, while following the application of slurry – only when ba

Standard mineral–vitamin premix (with 15 mg of Se and 150 mg of I) was applied to NK–Lohmann feed for the control group (C), and enriched premix, with doubled concentration of Se (30 mg·kg^–1) and I (300 mg·kg^–1), was fed to the experimental group (E) of Lohmann Brown laying hens in an egg production farm. The enriched premix contained also 50% more vitamin E (1500 mg·kg^–1). After four weeks of application of the increased levels of Se and I, increased concentrations of selenium, by mean 13.9% ( = 0.401 mg∙kg^–1 of wet weight), and of iodine, by 52.6% ( = 1.055 mg·kg^–1 of wet weight), were observed in egg content of the experimental group. No antagonistic effects were observed of selenium or iodine against the egg – content concentration of calcium, magnesium, manganese or copp

The studies were carried out on the population of 14215 cows. The first lactation yield, in kg of FCM, significantly differentiated both the yields of subsequent lactations and the indices of life performance of the cows. In high–production herds (with more than 5000 kg FCM), it is justifiable that the requirement should be met for heifer cows to reach the yield that would balance the costs of their rearing (5000–6000 kg of milk), as their high productivity during the first lactation positively influences their life performance, which is important especially from the perspective of the short period of productive life. In other herds, in the case of highly productive heifer cows, the lower the herd production level, the more intensive the following effects should be expected: decrease in the yield of subsequent lactations, lower overall life performance, fertility deterioration, lower number of born calves and shorter productive life.

The aim of this study was an analysis of the factors that influence body size and hair coat quality of standard minks (Mustela vison Sch.). The analysis covered 3837 animals belonging to three genetic groups: one domestic (native) and two groups of half–imports (one of the parents, sire, imported from Denmark or Holland).

The investigations were aimed at the determination of genetic distance among eight lines of laying hens kept in Poland and belonging to the following breeds: Green–Leg ZKF and Z11, Leghorn H22 and G99, Rhode Island Red RD2, Yellow–Leg Ż33, Polbar (Pb) and Sussex (Sx). The phenotype frequencies of fast–migrating prealbumin (Pa–F), egg–yolk transferrin and ovalbumin (Ov–A), ovoglobulins: G₃, G₄ and G₂ and conalbumin were obtained from the electrophoregrams of horizontal polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

The studies were carried out on 20 dairy cows assigned to two groups depending on their blood serum content of ketonic compounds. The cows of group I, which had subclinical ketosis, were administered Col press supplement to feed ration, whereas the cows of group II were the control group. Col press was applied from seven days before expected parturition through four weeks postpartum. In the blood serum of all the animals, the following were determined: level of ketonic compounds, glucose, total protein and its fractions, activity of enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP and GTP) and concentration of macroelements (Ca, P inorganic, Mg, Na, K and Cl). ABB parameters were analysed in whole blood. The blood tests were done four weeks before expected parturition, and one week and four weeks after parturition. Application of Col press for cows, as a ketosis preventive measure, resulted in only temporary decrease in blood serum ketonic compounds concentration, however the supplement positively influenced the for

The study covered 97 Japanese quails of various genotypes of the protein referred to as preactin (PAK). The birds of AA genotype had a single, intensively stained, fast–migrating band; the BB genotypes had a single, slow–migrating, also intensively stained band, whereas the AB birds had two bands. The protein concentration, established basing on the area and height of peaks, was significantly higher in the BB homozygotes than in the AA ones, which appeared also in the form of more intensive staining of the slow–migrating band than that of the fast–migrating band of the AB heterozygotes. The differences, however, were insignificant. The protein level of heterozygotes in the sub–region, calculated as the sum of two bands, was more than 50% higher than in either of the homozygous forms. The differences, confirmed statistically, can demonstrate that the genotype determining the proteins influences the expression of the genes coding particular proteins.

The field experiments were carried out in 1994–1996 and were aimed at determining the nutritional value of mixtures containing Trifolium pratense L. + Lolium perenne L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum and Lolium x boucheanum Kunth. and Trifolium pratense L. + Festuca pratensis Huds.. Based on the botanical analysis, chemical composition and nutritional value, an attempt has been made to determine the variability of the parameters depending on the grass species. The percentages of grasses varied significantly and the variability expressed in the coefficient of variance ranged from 44 to 72.

The experimental group consisted of 57 young Holstein bulls kept in the Czech Republic; 35 bulls were tethered and 22 bulls were loose housed. The aim of the study was to analyse and compare the effect of different housing systems on feedlot performance, carcass value and meat quality and their mutual relationship. The overall average values were as follows: feedlot performance parameters – live weight at slaughter 434.3 kg, age at slaughter 455.8 days, total weight gain 319.3 kg, duration of fattening 342.1 days, daily weight gain 941 g; carcass value parameters – dressing percentage 51.0%, net daily weight gain 482 g, weight and proportion of kidney fat 3.9 kg, 1.8% resp., weight and proportion of fat trim 2.2 kg and 2.0% resp.; meat quality parameters – dry matter, fat and collagen content in muscle 23.8, 1.46 and 1.13% resp., pH₂₄ 6.08, drip loss 0.849% and remission (525 nm) 6.4%. Loose–housed bulls showed significantly higher dressing percentage (by 1.3%), net daily weight

The study involved 113 emu eggs, laid by 4–yr–old hens kept by a Canadian breeder in Ontario. Those eggs which the shells had been damaged during transport were used for chemical assays to determine dry matter, protein, and fat contents in the yolk. The egg weight and shape index were determined as well.

Blood serum proteins of 36 males and 71 females of parental generation and of 516 progeny of various breeds of geese were separated by means of thin–layer, horizontal, alkaline polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the subregion of slow–migrating prealbumin (PASG) in alkaline gel, ten different phenotypes were found. It was determined, both in the parents and the progeny, that the genes of a single, autosomal locus encoded the proteins of this subregion, and the alleles were named: PASG^A, PASG^B, PASG^C and PASG^D, in order of decreasing speed of migration to anode. The PASG^B allele was commonly found in all the studied geese, PASG^A was found only in the geese derived from Anser anser, whereas the PASG^C and PASG^D alleles were present in the geese originated from Anser cygnoides.

Three variants of citric acid (CA) biosynthesis on sugar beet molasses by the yeast Y. lipolytica were investigated: (I) single cultures of Suc^– strains on inverted molasses, (II) single culture of Suc⁺ recombinant strains on non-inverted molasses, (III) mixed cultures of Suc^– and Suc⁺ strains on non-inverted molasses.

The paper presents the background of rural women situation in Poland in 90. Traditional rural development associated with the development of the agricultural sector that provides employment for most rural inhabitants is nowadays a thing of the past. Currently, with increased productivity and efficiency of the labour force employed in the sector, the number of people employed mainly in agriculture within the structure of rural population is going down. The future of rural communities, also in Poland, will to a lesser extent depend on agriculture only. Thus, what we need is a new look at work and employment including women’s work in the rural environment in the context of its multi-functional development.

Sludge and vermicompost of organic origin were examined in a field experiment aimed at determining their suitability as soil fertilisers. The experiment was performed in three consecutive years (1996-98) on the sludge originating from a biological and chemical tannery sewage treatment plant and vermicompost based on the sewage sludge to which fruit tree leaves and wheat straw were added. Comparison to the farmyard manure proved that higher abundance of organic matter, nitrogen, calcium and sodium was found for both untreated tannery sludge and sludge composted by Eisenia fetida; the content of potassium was, however, much lower while phosphorus and magnesium were found in the amounts similar to farmyard manure. Contamination with heavy metals, apart from chromium, remained within the acceptable limits. The yield forming effects of the untreated biological sludge and vermicomposts were equal to the ones obtained for the mineral treatment, whereas chemical sludge gave results similar t

The paper presents an ecological analysis of the defoliation of Scotch pines in relation to the age of trees, and the dust fall in the immediate environment. The Bayesian modeling of empirical data was proposed here via MCMC technique – known as Gibbs sampling in the BUGS software. The usefulness of the methodology was accentuated in such ecological assessments.

The paper deals with the influence of main spatial characteristics of a field extent such as area, length and width, on cultivation costs. Performed analysis allowed to determine proper parameters of a field extent i.e. parameters whose further improvement generates insignificant lowering of cultivation costs. The parameters depend on the function describing cultivation costs, namely on the occurrence of minima and horizontal asymptotes. The determined parameters were based on general tendencies ruling the relationships in question. For a properly formed field on which low and medium tractors are used, the following values for the proper parameters were found: more than 150 to 250 m of length, over 30 to 70 m of width and the area bigger than 1 to 2 ha.

The following study is under discussion.

The results showed the eggs of various species to differ both in terms of their dimensions and volume, the differences being 5– and more than 70–fold, respectively.

The ide eggs were incubated in the laboratory in three temperature ranges: 11–13, 15–16, and 18–20°C. Throughout the entire period of incubation, the live eggs were observed and samples were collected for histological assays. Microscopic slides were made to record the timing of appearance of hatching gland cells. The distribution, number, and size of the hatching gland cells, relative to incubation temperature, were determined. The cells appeared at the earliest (after 75 h of incubation) in the eggs incubated at 18–20°C and took the longest to appear (145 h) in those eggs incubated at the lowest temperature. The hatching gland cells were observed to be present only in the anterior part of the ide embryo and were lacking in the caudal part. Depending on the temperature, an embryo showed the presence of 200 to 390 hatching gland cells. The largest cells, having 29.30 µm mean length, 24.54 µm mean height, and 9694.58 µm³ mean volume, were typical of those embryos

Results of qualitative and quantitative analyses of microflora of traditionally and vacuum-packed herring a`la Matias are presented. Forty fillet samples of one producer were bought in randomly chosen local shops and tested. It was stated that their microflora depended on sort of packaging. Gram-positive rods: Brevibacterium spp., Gram-negative rods: Pseudomonas spp., and Gram-positive cocci: Micrococcus spp. were dominant in vacuum-packed samples. Microflora of products in traditional packaging was much more varied. Yeast analysis also showed greater diversity within samples packaged in traditional way as they contained Saccharomyces spp., Zygosaccharomyces spp. and Candida spp. Only Candida spp. was found in vacuum-packed samples.

Investigations were performed on meat originating from 22 carcasses of wild boars ripening in temperature 4 - 6°C during 12 days. During ripening process determinations of selected technological proprieties have been conducted. During long period of ripening low pH value which affected small changes of water holding ability and thermal drip was observed. Investigating tenderness of meat an essential improvement between 1st and 6th day of ripening was found. To summarize obtained results it can be concluded , that in spite of long ripening of wild boars carcasses only slight changes of technological properties of meat were observed.

Nowadays, according to expectations of consumer, meat products should be attractive from sensoric point of view, stable and safe. For consumers buying now more products in retail shops, colour is an important criterion by which they evaluate and choose meat products. Due to opinion of consumer, colour reflects proper composition of product, in particularly relation of meat to other compounds, freshness of raw materials and proper conditions of storage. Unexpected colour is associated with low quality of product [7].

The technological process of producing canned products brought about a decrease in the level of analysed discriminants by 1-63%, nitrites in New Zealand spinach being excepted. The greatest losses were recorded in the content of total acids and vitamin C and in the case of New Zealand spinach also of chlorophylls. During one-year storage of the two products an increase in the content of nitrites of 44-66% and a fall in the level of nitrates of 8-11% were noted. In spinach the content of chlorophylls was reduced 51% and in New Zealand spinach that of total acids and vitamin C 12-37%. After one-year storage the preserves of New Zealand spinach compared with those of spinach contained 35% less dry weight, 4-6% less nitrates and nitrites, 20-50% less starch, dietary fibre, total nitrogen, ash and total acids, 55% less chlorophylls, and 69% vitamin C. Both products showed good organoleptic quality.

Corn and wheat starches were segregated into big and small granules. Unsegregated starches and their fractions were phosphorylated with sodium trimetaphosphate. Due to applied modification method, the highest amount of phosphorus was incorporated to small granule fraction of corn starch. The least of the phosphorus was bound by small granule fraction of wheat starch. It was also shown that obtained preparations were characterised by different physico-chemical properties.

Comparison between ethanol producing bacteria Zymomonas mobilis (strain CCM 3881 and CCM 3883) and commercial yeast (D₂, Bc-16a) was made using glucose medium. While the differences between bacteria and yeasts in low glucose medium (85.5 g/dcm³) were not of statistical importance, ethanol yield and sugars utilization were higher for Z. mobilis on medium with high concentration of glucose (150-250 g/dcm³). The bacteria growth was less inhibited by alcohol in the medium than yeasts. The bacteria biomass needed for 1 dcm³ ethanol production was from 2 times (glucose medium 85.5 g/dcm³) to 3-4 times (241 g glucose in 1 dcm³ medium) less than yeasts.

The aim of the study was to follow up the properties of cheese mass obtained from ewes’ milk depending on the pasteurisation temperature, the kind of starter added and level of calcium chloride addition. The chemical composition, pH and texture of cheese mass produced from raw, pasteurised in 72°C for 15 s, and pasteurised in 95°C for 5 s milks were established. Similarly the cheese mass obtained from pasteurised milk without starter addition, with starter of mesophilic bacteria (Lc. lactis ssp. lactis, Lc. lactis ssp. cremoris, Lc. lacits ssp. diacetilactis) and with thermophilic starter (Str. thermophilus, Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus). The same routine was applied to cheese mass obtained from pasteurised milk without CaCl₂ addition or with 0.1 g/l, or 0.2 g/l of dehydrated CaCl₂ addition.

The ultrafiltration of post-culture fluids proved that divercin occurred in the form of large macroaggregates with the molecular weight over 100 kDa. Addition of detergents: Tween 80, Nonidet P-40 and SDS, and alcohols: ethanol and isopropanol into supernatants from post-culture fluids caused partial disaggregation of divercin. The better effect was obtained when Tween 80 was introduced directly into culture medium. However, other detergents and both alcohols showed a toxic effect to the bacteria and reduced the divercin production in C. divergens culture. The ultrafiltration yield of divercin depended on the type of membranes and treatment of divercin-containing extracts with detergents and alcohols. The cellulose acetate membranes were more permeable for divercin that made from polyethersulfone. The highest divercin disaggregation in active extracts, made in evidence by the improvement of divercin transfer through membrane cascade, was obtained as result of 1 % of SDS and Nonidet

The quality of gluten-free bread, obtained by using pectin, guar gum and their 1:1 mixture was compared. Basing on the distribution of carbohydrate fractions present in crumb extracts, acquired using size exclusion chromatography, the trial to explain differences in interactions between these hydrocolloids and corn starch was made.

The grasspea breeding programme in Poland resulted in development of 2 official varieties of Polish grasspea: small seed form-Derek and large seed form-Krab. The present study was to characterise basic physico-chemical properties of starch from these varieties.

Some mechanical properties of fresh and freeze-dried mushrooms have been described. Modulus of elasticity was determined from the squeezing tests. The set quantities have been related to the heating plate temperature and density of samples. The obtained relationships have been approximated with exponential functions.

High temperature extrusion cooking of rye was compared to conventional pressure cooking and “cold liquefaction” with commercial hemicellulase addition to improve the efficiency of ethanol fermentation. The influence of saccharification with added hemicellulases on non-starchy carbohydrates of rye as well as on some quality factors of mashes and stillages were examined. Laboratory experiments showed the significant influence of the type of pretreatment and hemicellulases enrichment on the dynamic of saccharification and efficiency of ethanol fermentation. Using of hemicellulolytic enzymes along with saccharyfing enzymes during mashing increased the speed of breakdown of long chain carbohydrates and the yield of ethanol. In conclusion we can state that the increase of ethanol yield is not connected with pentosans fermentation but with the increased availability of hexose (starch) bound with pentose chain for amylolytic enzymes.

Results of various culture conditions on adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes strains to hexadecane are presented. Listeria strains cultured in optimal conditions adhered to this hydrophobic carbohydrate to a small extent. It reveals that their cell walls have hydrophilic properties. Application of low-nutrient medium, incubation at low temperature, acidification of medium to pH 5 and addition of 8% of NaCl caused transformation of strains into hydrophobic. Growing in vacuum conditions produced the opposite effect – all strains were extremely hydrophilic. Changes of strain properties from hydrophilic into hydrophobic affected analysed strains to a different degree. One of tested strains continued to be hydrophilic regardless of culture conditions. The other – a standard strain isolated from patient – became hydrophobic most frequently.

The effect of storage on the contents of cholesterol, its oxidation products (oxysterols), lipid oxidation and hydrolytic changes in liver pate type sausage was studied. Lipid oxidation, hydrolysis and oxysterols level were examined after 1, 3, 6, 8 and 10 days of storage at 4°C. 7b-hydroxycholesterol and 7 – ketocholesterol were the major cholesterol oxidation products formed in samples during storage and their amounts increased throughout storage time. Storage time had no significant effect on acid number and lipid oxidation products (TBARS) in sausage. Significant increase (p = 0.05) of peroxide value, 7b-hydroxycholesterol, 7–ketocholesterol levels and total of oxysterols was noted. Storage time had a significant effect on the decrease of cholesterol. The contents of particular oxysterols and their sum were closely related to the peroxide value. The results indicate that both cholesterol and lipids undergo the same oxidat

Coculture of xylose-fermenting yeast P. stipitis CCY 39501 and respiratory deficient mutant of S. cerevisiae V₃₀ designated as V₃₀ I 40 was used for ethanol fermentation on a medium containing glucose and xylose mixture and compared to P. stipitis monoculture or coculture of P. stipitis and S. cerevisiae V₃₀. Batch fermentations were carried out on a model medium or on a medium containing both sugars derived from direct saccharification of either wheat straw or birch sawdust. The yields obtained were 0.38 g/g, 0.34 g/g and 0.4 g/g for model medium, wheat straw and birch sawdust hydrolysates respectively, after cofermentation of P. stipitis with RD mutant V₃₀ I 40. The results confirmed the application of this coculture for ethanol fermentation of sugars derived from lignocellulosic hydrolysates.

This work was aimed to investigations of the effect of different volumes of water added to the batter on texture parameters of model canned meat product. The INSTRON 1140 was used for determinations of texture parameters: the TPA test , cutting test with single Warner-Bratzler knife and single compression test till 80% of the sample height. The variance analysis and regression analysis were applied for the data evaluation. The results indicate that the volume of water added to the batter affects the parameters of texture of model canned meat product. Most of texture features analyzed were decreasing as the amount of water increased. The relations between most texture parameters were of the linear regression type. Also, for the cohesion and elasticity, non-linear relationships were found.

Lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17, mucopeptyde N-acetylmuramic-hydrolase) exhibits the ability to destroy cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria. The range of activity for this enzyme may be extended through modifications, as a result of which polymerized forms of lysozyme are obtained. It was found that lysozyme dimer exhibits bacteriostatic properties towards both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The aim of the study was to determine the conditions of thermal modification of lysozyme and to assess the antibacterial action of this enzyme after modification. The dimer content in the modified lysozyme preparations depended on the pH and concentration of a given solution. It was found that modified lysozyme was characterized by higher antibacterial activity towards Micrococcus luteus and Escherichia coli in comparison to the unmodified form of the enzyme.

The investigation was carried out on the usable parts of dill plants, cultivars Amat, Ambrozja, and Lukullus, grown from spring to autumn. Dill seeds were sown on 10^th April, 10^th May, 10^th June, 10^th July, and 10^th August 2000. Harvesting was conducted when the dill plants reached the height of 25-cm i.e. after 36-45 days, depending on the cultivar and period of cultivation. The content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls, and volatile oils was determined in the leafy part and in leaves with petioles of dill.

Dynamics of shoot development, leaf morphology and changes in frost-hardiness of leaves from spring to autumn was studied in two phenological forms of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in years 1996-2000. The investigations were conducted in southern Poland, in research plots situated at elevations ranging from 250 to 1050 m. It was found, that trees classified as an early flushing form had longer and wider leaves and longer petioles (on average 11-15%) as compared with trees belonging to the late form. Leaf dimensions declined with increasing elevation of the research plots, especially in the early growth form (r ranging from –0.8953 to –0.9811). Determining frost-hardiness of young shoots with the Dexter’s method (on the basis of the index of damage according to Pearce), conducted by freezing tree shoots in a refrigerator at various times indicated, that in autumn both phenological forms did not differ in the degree of frost-hardiness. However, in the early spring, several weeks before

The analysis of air temperatures from the period 1971-2000, recorded at the Kopciowa station near Krynica in the Beskid Sšdecki Mountains (j

The research was conducted in the lower forest zone, in Stary Sšcz Forest District. It concerned the variability of features of the bilberry base in groups of stands which differed as to their forest density index and altitude. The research proved a modifying influence of the growth conditions of bilberry on its fructification, features of fruit and the height of dwarf shrubs. It confirmed statistically the significance of differences in the intensity of fructification, weight and diameter of berries depending on forest density index (including open areas). Altitude had a significant effect only on fructification.

In the contemporary cartography modelling of complex features’ distribution using the symbols or choropleth methods leads very often to discordance between the scale of background and the scale of main map’s content. Two kinds of accuracy are distinguished: geometrical and statistical. In the paper the unification of both above mentioned scales has been proposed according to the rudimental rule of coherent visual perception of pictorial model of “reality” characterising the system of coding used in cartography.

The aim of the experiment conducted in the years 1998-2000 was to assess the yielding and the possibility of accelerating the yield of sorrel leaves by means of a covering of with perforated PE and non-woven PP films.

Several rhubarb cultivars were investigated: ‘Koral’, ‘Karpow Lipskiego’, ‘Wczesny Hosera’, ‘Wiœniowy’, ‘Purpurat’ – in the third, fourth and fifth years of the utilization of a plantation. Essential differences in yielding of the investigated cultivars were shown. The largest average marketable yield was obtained from the cultivation of ‘Karpow Lipskiego’, whereas the smallest from the cultivation of ‘Purpurat’. On average, the most petioles were gathered from the plants of cultivars ‘Wiœniowy’ and ‘Wczesny Hosera’, while the fewest from cultivar ‘Purpurat’. ‘Karpow Lipskiego’ was distinguishable by a decidedly greater average mass of petioles in comparison to other cultivars. In consideration of marketable yields, cultivars ‘Karpow Lipskiego’, ‘Wczesny Hosera’ and ‘Koral’ proved to be the most useful for the cultivation with petioles being intended for direct consumption.

The studies conducted in a glasshouse of the Establishment of Horticultural Production (PPO) at Siechnice were aimed to determine the reaction of tomatoes grown on mineral wool to CO₂ enrichment of the atmosphere and to calculate the profitability of applying this treatment in wholesale production. The studies used liquid gas accumulated in pressure containers. After being evaporated, the gas was carried in liquid form to plants by means of a system of PE pipes. The studies adopted three levels of CO₂ content in the glasshouse atmosphere, namely 0.06-0.08% with ventilators closed, 0.04-0.05% with ventilators slightly opened, and 0.03-0.04% with ventilators fully opened.

The studies were aimed to determine the biological value of young garlic plants and a possibility of using them for consumption purposes. The experimental material were the aboveground parts (false stem and leaves) of winter garlic cultivated for bunch crop from planting air bulbs. The quantity and quality of the yield were established. The content of total carbohydrates (18.82-21.52%), L-ascorbic acid (7.16-8.51%), chlorophyll (0.024-1.044 mg in 1 kg of fresh weight) and crude fibre (1.37-1.60%) was determined in the fresh weight. The studies also provided the content of dry weight. In both examined years the picking of the plants was performed 30 and 60 days after the emergencies.

The studies examined production effects of green fertilizers (oats, field pea, spring vetch, and mixtures of these plants) ploughed over in spring in the cultivation of white cabbage, onion and red beet. In the first year after ploughing in, the forecrops of field pea and a mixture of field pea with vetch and a mixture of oat with field pea and with vetch were more productive green fertilizers in cabbage cultivation. On the other hand, in the cultivation of onion the forecrops of field pea and its mixtures with oat and vetch were the most productive fertilizers in the second year after ploughing in. In the third year after ploughing in, all green fertilizers were characterized by better consecutive yield-forming effect as compared to manure in the dose of 25 tˇha^-1.

The studies examined the effect of polypropylene fibre Pegas Agro 17 covering (from planting till full emergence and up to the height of about 15 cm) on the yielding of very early cultivars of potato. Covering with the fibre till full emergence caused an increase of commercial tubers yield 60 days after planting by 20-30% on average during the years with warm spring, and by 240% during a year with cold winter. 75 days after planting the increase was 8% and 37%, respectively. The proportion of big tubers was greater. A longer period of covering did not cause any significant increase of the tuber yield. The use of covers contributed to a greater yield of ‘Koral’ and ‘Malwa’ cultivars as compared to ‘Aster’ and ‘Orlik’.

Current trends to improve the quality and reliability of manufactured finished products cause that more and more attention is paid to the optimisation of rigidity-strength dimensioning of furniture elements constructional nodes. The objective of this study was to estimate the effectiveness of static optimisation methods determining the minimum of material volume in time function and sampling number. Moreover, the performed investigations aimed at establishing minimal dimensions of component elements of the construction at maximum strength parameters. The experiments carried out revealed that static optimisation of the construction of the chair with the aid of the Monte-Carlo method integrated with the FEM environment allowed to reduce material consumption to 53% of the initial volume within 17 seconds of work of the application. A sub-optimal solution, sufficient for engineering practice, is reached, on average, in time 18 times shorter than that reached using the random walk method.

Analyzing functionality of software for furniture industry it can be concluded that so far not all groups of furniture have been parametrized and catalogued in the form of computer aided design programs. Non-standard or multifunctional furniture more difficult to parametrize and manufacture constitute a considerable technological gap in this respect.