EJPAU, 2008, Volume 11, Issue 4

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11(4) #16
02 Dec 2008
Agricultural Engineering
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The paper presents results of traction studies of a tyre 4.00-10 and 5.00-10 (single and double – twin-transformed) on four different surfaces (soil in the traditional cultivation, a layer of snow, a ground forest road and a forest road with hardened surface). Maximum traction forces generated on those surfaces were analyzed as well as the values of traction performances and coefficients of adherence. The studies showed that twin-transformation of  tyres always results in an increase of traction forces and an increase of the value of traction performances. The largest traction forces, traction performances and adherence coefficients were established on a forest road with hardened surface, whereas the smallest ones – on the snow.

11(4) #02
08 Oct 2008
Agronomy
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The research covered the results of automatic measurements of bare soil temperature at four standard depths: 5, 10, 20 and 50 cm, recorded every hour (UTC). The data were reported by the weather station located at Lipki in the vicinity of Stargard Szczeciński over 2001–2005. Soil temperature at four depths was described by mean monthly, seasonal and yearly values in the hourly pattern over twenty-four hours. It was found that the highest mean monthly temperature in the bare soil layer up to 10 cm is reached in July, while at the greater depths it is reached in August. The entire bare soil profile down to 50 cm depth reached its lowest temperature in January. A spring change in the thermal stream direction took place in the last decade of March, while the autumn change was observed in the middle of September. The greatest temperature variability was recorded in the soil horizon up to 5 cm from 4:00 to 6:00 p.m. (UTC), particularly in March, while the lowest temperature variability occurred at the depth of 50 cm in August. The greatest bare soil temperature variability was observed in the afternoon in the horizon up to 20 cm, particularly in June and July.

11(4) #05
17 Oct 2008
Agronomy
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In years 2002-2005, a strict field experiment with Parada red clover cultivar grown for seeds was carried out as a randomized complete block design in four replications. In the experiment, the following factors were taken into account: additional feeding with microelements (0, B, Mo, B + Mo) and methods of microelement application (1 – soil-applied prior to seed sowing, 2 – soil-applied prior to the onset of plant vegetation in the second year of cultivation, 3 – foliar on 2nd – cut plants during budding). The highest seed yield was obtained in plants fed additionally with joint boron and molybdenum, which significantly exceeded plant productivity in the control. From the studied methods of microelement application, the highest seed yield was found in plants with additional foliar feeding during budding from the 2nd cut in the year of full utilisation.

11(4) #01
06 Oct 2008
Animal Husbandry
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The present survey is based on the investigation of 397 purebred Arabian mares used for breeding in the period of 1970–1996, which came from the primary broodmare band in the Białka, Janów Podlaski, Kurozwęki and Michałów Stud Farms. Mares that had been used for 5 and more breeding seasons were selected from the total number of animals. For such mares, their oestrus periods were investigated in the breeding documentation. On the basis of our investigation the following regularities can be observed:

  • the differences in average sexual cycles, periods of anoestrus and the oestrus length between the various stud farms were significant or highly significant, which can attributed to the differences in breeding environments of those stud farms;

  • the length of the complete sexual cycle, oestrus, and anoestrus was characterised by a low or negative correlation to the racing performance of both the mares under investigation, as well as their progeny;

  • in the population of purebred Arabian horses farmed in Poland one can distinguish genetic lineages that vary significantly as to their length of oestrus periods;

  • characteristic differences were observed in the average length of the oestrus cycle, the oestrus itself, and the periods of anoestrus in specific coefficient of success ranges.

11(4) #13
24 Nov 2008
Animal Husbandry
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Samples of soft tissue (muscle) from wild and pen-reared ring-neck pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) were collected from the central and western regions of Lublin Upland by hunting. This population has been regularly introduced into wild populations each year for the last thirty years. No sequence differences were identified within a 236 bp conserved part of the cytochrome b gene from pheasants sourced with wild and pen-reared populations. We also investigated differences in cytochrome b sequences from Polish pheasant populations and Asian pheasants (evaluated in other studies). We found that genetic distances between mtDNA haplotypes of pheasants show only minor variations, which suggest that the evaluated region of the cytochrome b gene is well conserved within the genus Phasianus.

11(4) #22
11 Dec 2008
Animal Husbandry
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The study involved 3-year-old Half-Bred horses running at the Wrocław Partynice Horse Racing Track during 1999–2005. In all, pedigrees and racing careers of 527 horses have been analysed. Racing performance was analysed basing on three criteria: individual success index (SI), career earnings (CE), and mean earnings per start (ME). Significant effects of gender, trainer, and number of starts on performance of the horses were found. Effects of breed, season, and breeder were non-significant. The performance appraisal criteria, i.e. career earnings (h2 = 0.61) and mean earnings per race (h2= 0.58), should be considered as adequate due to their heritability.

11(4) #14
25 Nov 2008
Biology
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Results of research concerning the numbers of chromosomes in ten species of Taraxacum genus from area of Poland have been presented in the paper. Among studied species origin six of them was from Ruderalia section, two from Palustria section, one from Borea section and one from Erythrosperma section. For T. freticola H. Øllg., described in year 2006, two numbers of chromosomes was found: triploidal number 2n = 24 and diploidal number 2n = 16. According to our knowledge it is first information on numbers of chromosomes in this species. Similarly in case of T. hepaticum and T. melanostigma (in all these species 2n = 24) earlier data and reference had not been found and it is probably the first data ever reported, concerning the numbers of chromosomes in these species of Taraxacum genus. For the first time the number of chromosomes for narrowly apprehended T. scanicum s. str. 2n = 24 has been reported, earlier data concerned widely apprehended T. scanicum s.l. enclosing a group of related species. For T. paucilobum new number of chromosomes has been reported 2n = 26. For four species (T. copidophyllum 2n = 24, T. haematicum 2n = 24, T. hemicyclum 2n = 24 and T. sinuatum 2n = 24) it is the first time that data concerning the number of chromosomes from area of Poland have been reported. The number of chromosome for tetraploidal T. vindobonense 2n = 32 has been confirmed.

11(4) #21
10 Dec 2008
Biology
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This paper applies a two-patch model to the population dynamics of the lynx which lives in the Bialowieza Primeval Forest (BPF) that extends along the Poland–Belarus border, and discusses the implications of the results obtained. In the estimation process, we performed a unit root test to avoid spurious correlation, and subsequently, we estimated the parameter values for the model. We obtained a relatively high instantaneous growth rate. The ecological parameter values in Poland were higher than those in Belarus, suggesting that the policy applied in Poland is more conservative than the one applied in Belarus. Finally, we conclude the paper by suggesting that the conservation of the BPF and the extension of the reserve area are crucial for the wildlife in the region.

11(4) #24
12 Dec 2008
Biology
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In the 1 year study, selected morpho-anatomical traits of two populations of bracken fern were observed at two sites within ¦lęża Massif  (Lower Silesia, Poland). The study demonstrates modifications of at least some of the observed traits in fronds growing on serpentinite mable as compared to another bracken fern population, growing of non-serpentinite soil. The modified traits are the number of primary and secondary divisions of a frond, the leaf blade surface and the length of stomata. These modifications may result from different edaphic conditions of the two studied bracken fern populations.

11(4) #31
19 Dec 2008
Biology
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Localization of the enzyme, peroxidase (POD) in the gelling saliva (the solid stylet sheath) and in the midgut of aphid, Sitobion avenae F. and Rhopalosiphum padi L. is recognized in this paper, by the sensitive staining procedure with 3,3', 5,5' – tetramethylbenzidine and H2O2, (TMBZ-H2O2). POD activity is not identified in soluble fraction of salivary protein diffused around of the stylet sheath and released in the watery saliva, and that is extremely easly visualized with the Coomassie Brillant Blue R-250 reagent both in the agarose gel and on the sucrose syrup layer punctured by aphids. Moreover, localization, quantification and molecular weight of aphid POD isoenzymes after their separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and staining by TMBZ-H2O2/Coomassie Blue are shown. Generally, for salivary glands, midgut and whole aphid organism two POD bands/isoenzymes are established. Real significance of aphid POD for formation of stylet sheath, elimimination of H2O2 generated in aphid tissues as result of red-ox metabolism and detoxication/toxication of phenolic allelochemicals is specified. TMBZ-H2O2 appears as excellent/suitable technique for the microscopical visulization of  POD reaction in various aphid tissues and agarose or polyacrylamide gels.

11(4) #33
23 Dec 2008
Biology
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The qualitative and quantitative aspects of the beneficial insect fauna found on bracken fern, Pteridium aquilinum, were investigated in 2003-2004 and are discussed in the article. 667 insect specimens were sampled, representing 22 species belonging to 5 insect orders. More individuals were sampled from the bracken plants populating spruce forest site, than from those within oak forest site. On the contrary, the number of the collected species was observed greater on the bracken plants within the oak forest. The predominant group of beneficial insects recorded from both the sites were Formicidae.

11(4) #34
29 Dec 2008
Biology
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This work aims at the characteristics of the absolute and relative sizes of the particular parts of upper respiratory tract and the body sizes in Aythya marila (total 65 specimens). The specific attachment was identified as well as the sex, age, and the parameters of the body (BW, BL, SL, TL) and  the upper respiratory tract sizes (WT, WS, LT, LRL, LS, SW1, SW2, NCT, CSAF, CSAL, CSAR, CSAT, WT+WS). The ontogenetic and dimorphic comparisons were conducted. The statistical elaboration comprised , SD, V, coefficients of Pearson linear correlation (r), indexes characterizing the relative size of various parts of the upper respiratory tract. The comparisons of the absolute parameters and the assessed relative indexes between the age groups and the sexes within the species, were based on the t-Student test. The description of the relative size of the examined respiratory tract and its parts employed allometric equations of the logarithm form Log Y = b log X – a. Within the range of the analyzed absolute parameters the significant ontogenetic differences were solely observed for SL and WS in drakes. The males in both age groups also differed statistically significantly from the respective female age groups in regard to BL and nearly all parameters of the upper respiratory tract except NCT, provided the values of those parameters were higher in males as compared to females. Merely a few cases of statistically significant correlations between parameters were noted in all examined groups. Four relative indexes were assessed and solely for the adult males, ie. WT/BW, WS/WT, LS/BL and LS/SW2, provided LS/WS2 had the highest value while WT/BW the lowest. For the examined group of Aythya marila three allometric equations were calculated for the relations BW and WT. Those equations were calculated separately for the females, the males and the entire group of that species. The results indicate that in both the male and the female groups, the relative parameter WT increases slower with the age than BW because the exponent b representing the linear regression slope is lower than 1.0. However, the converse tendency was indicated for the entire specific group.

11(4) #35
30 Dec 2008
Biology
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The investigation object constituted the esophagus and intestine in 38 specimens of Aythya fuligula – 24 males (18 adult and 6 immature) and 14 females (7 and 7, respectively). The analysis comprised the length of the following parts of the alimentary canal, ie. esophagus, small intestine, paired ceca, large intestine, and the entire alimentary canal, regarding the sex, age, and  body size of the birds assessed by the four parameters, ie. body weight, body length, sternum length, and tarsometatarsal bone length.

Despite of the sexual dimorphism in the body size of Aythya fuligula, no differences of it were observed in the majority of the analyzed parameters of the alimentary tract. In the case of esophagus, however,  it was evidently longer in the drakes as compared to the females. The small intestine in the immature specimens, both males and females was longer than in the adult ones. Except the cecum length, the remaining parameters of the digestive tract were not related to the body size parameters in Aythya fuligula. The analysis of the correlations between the parameters of the digestive tract indicated a negative statistically significant relation between the esophagus and small intestine lengths as well as the entire length of the alimentary canal, and a positive relation between the small intestine length and the entire length of the alimentary canal.

11(4) #03
13 Oct 2008
Civil Engineering
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The paper is dedicated to the development of a traditional Polish hut from the point of view of energy efficiency. There were emphasized such elements of the building architecture, as: its mass (including the spatial form of a roof), the arrangement of rooms and functional connections, the application of material and constructive solutions as well as the location at a building plot. The trends from the whole area of Poland were confronted with the examinations of some chosen huts at the area of the northern Casubia. It has been stated that the folk architecture, which is a result of the work of numerous generations and is characterized with a skilled adaptation to the natural environment and climate conditions, should become a pattern and inspiration to seek low energy-consuming solutions during the designing of country dwelling houses.

11(4) #09
04 Nov 2008
Economics
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This paper examines the conditioning factors of development of cross-border shopping in Poland and in Eastern and Central Europe during the period of political and socio-economic transformation at the turn of the 20th century. The author presents similarities and differences of this phenomenon by making reference to other regions of the world. Cross-border shoppers are characterized and the analysis of the difference between cross-border shopping and smuggling is made. The paper discusses a wide range of conditions that are presented here using a model and it highlights diverse aspects of the phenomenon. The main reasons, the basic reasons and the complementary reasons have been distinguished. The basic reasons include political and organizational factors, such as the system of the exercise of power, organization of the manner of crossing the borders, existence of cross-border infrastructure, as well as the manner of the exercise of control. The main reasons indicated in the paper include the economic factors and the security of goods and travelling persons. Complementary factors encompass the organization and environment of shopping, infrastructure and accessibility to shopping places as well as the behaviour of the population. The reasons and the groups of factors indicated in the article are interrelated, which makes the phenomenon more dynamic and constantly evolving.

11(4) #15
26 Nov 2008
Economics
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The article presents two different economic behaviour models of individual economic agents: homo oeconomicus and homo sociologicus. The first model of rational actor (rationality of activities is the main assumption in this model) has the basic assumption that an individual operates and behaves rationally. Economic man is a man, whose basic principle is calculation of costs and benefits (or rather profits and losses). The second model, being opposite to the first one, assumes individual's socialization to the extent that one agrees generally accepted social rules without any doubts. There are also displayed basic determinants of individual behaviours (institutional rules and models, individual choices and mental models) deciding on man's institutional derivation as well as a scheme of micro space's institutionalization.

11(4) #25
15 Dec 2008
Environmental Development
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The use of waste materials for agricultural purposes even after their processing still poses various hazards involving among others a supply of heavy metal load into the soil environment. Therefore research was undertaken to determine the effect of composts of various origin on these elements their availability in soil and their concentrations in oats. The quantities of heavy metals supplied to the soil with applied fertilizers were small and except for cadmium did not cause any excessive accumulation of these elements in oats top parts. Irrespective of the studied element the largest number of heavy metals accumulated in plant root system. After a three-year period of research a considerable increase in the contents of cadmium and chromium forms available to plants were detected, the contents of available soil nickel grew slightly in the fertilized treatments and the contents of available lead forms in soil changed slightly. The investigations demonstrated a progressive process of soil acidification, which undoubtedly had a significant influence on increasing some elements, particularly cadmium availability to plants.

11(4) #27
17 Dec 2008
Environmental Development
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Microbiological chatracteristics of sewage sludge from mechanical and biological sewage treatment plant composted in controlled conditions with straw and sawdust are presented. Prepared composts were placed in four bioreactors with air flow 4 l O2 · min-1. In bioreactor K1, K2 and K3 the composted mass consisted of 65 % sewage sludge (K1-sewage sludge 1, K2 – sludge 2, K3 – sludge 3) + 30 % sawdust + 5 % straw, while in bioreactor K4 the proportion was: 45 % sludge 2 + 50 % sawdust + 5 % straw. Compost samples were taken from all chambers at the same time depending on the actual temperature. Microbiological analyses consisted in the determination by plate method on selective medium the numbers of cellulolitic, proteolitic and solving phosphates microorganisms. Furthermore, in the experiment, the activity levels of proteases were determined using 1 % sodium caseinate as substratum. Studies have shown that the most intensive reproduction of cells of the studied groups of microorganisms were recorded after 20 hours of composting (term II), while the maximal level of proteolitic activity occurred between the 20th and 66th hour of the composting process. Furthermore, it was found that the composting process caused a decrease in the  number of the analysed microorganism groups in the majority of composts.

11(4) #18
05 Dec 2008
Fisheries
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In the years 2002 and 2003 the zooplankton from the outflows from two retention reservoirs, characterised by different biological conditions, at the sewage treatment plant in the area of the Chemical Plant Police was studied. One reservoir was in 70% grown with vegetation, mainly submerged species and hosted fish, while the other had no fish and its bottom was covered only in 10% by emerged vegetation. Cyclic appearance of certain zooplankton species was noted; particularly interesting was increasing abundance of Daphnia magna in warm seasons. The outflows from the second reservoir contained a greater number of taxa and greater abundance and biomass of zooplankton, however, the difference was not statistically significant (p < 0.05).

11(4) #29
18 Dec 2008
Fisheries
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Plankton samples as well as temperature, oxygen and salinity data were collected at 9 stations in Pomeranian Bay during the spring, summer, autumn and winter of the year 2000. Thirty four taxa were noted, including 7 Rotatoria, 10 Cladocera, 11 Copepoda and 6 meroplanktonic taxa.  Copepoda dominated numerically, while in warm seasons of the year Cladocera were subdominants. Taxonomic diversity of mesozooplankton was the highest in warm seasons of the year. Stations located in the neritic zone showed changeable abundance over time, peaking at station MIII (133.235 ind.x m-3). Geographically plankton numbers were high (put a number in here) in samples collected from the vicinity of the Świna River mouth. Transects from Międzyzdroje to the mouth of the River Dziwna (respectively average abundance for the entire year for stations within 1 Nm distance from the shore were 21.858; 30.890; 35.091 ind.x m-3). Seasonal succession followed this sequence among Copepoda: in spring P. elongatus, while in the remaining seasons A. bifilosa dominated. Subdominants introduced diversity into seasonal succession, especially in the summer season, when subdominants were made up exclusively of Cladocera – E. nordmanni, P. leuckartii, P. intermedius, in the autumn Copepoda and Cladocera – T. longicornis, E. nordmanni, P. polyphemoides,  P. elongatus,  while in the winter these were exclusively Copepoda P. elongatus, A. longiremis, T. longicornis.

11(4) #04
15 Oct 2008
Food Science and Technology
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The comparison of six triticale varieties as a source of certain nutritional components, evaluation of technological and nutritional properties of triticale milling products like flour, bran and whole-meal flour were done. It was found, that new triticale varieties have biochemical and rheological properties similar to wheat raw material required for cookie and extruded products. Triticale milling products, especially whole grain flour and bran are valuable from nutritional point of view with regard to high polyphenols and soluble fiber content and also antioxidative properties. Extrusion process has small destructive effect on polyphenols content, but improving effect on antioxidant activity and soluble dietary fiber content. It was found, that extruded products including 30% of triticale bran have in most of cases good consumer sensory properties, with high amount of soluble dietary fiber and substantial antioxidative properties.

11(4) #07
30 Oct 2008
Food Science and Technology
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Tea is a very popular beverage rich in phenolic compounds of pro-heath properties. In the study the abilities to scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals by tea infusions were evaluated. Sixteen different black, green or red loose-leaf teas, which were commercially available, had been used in the research. Analyses were performed twice: immediately after opening the package and after 1 month of storage. The results revealed that: (1) antioxidant properties of tea infusions depended on manufacturing processes of tea leaves. The highest antioxidant activity was shown for unfermented green tea, the lowest one for semifermented red tea, (2) green tea abilities to scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals differed significantly from that of black tea, (3) there was no relationship between antioxidant activity of tea and its country of origin, (4) the properties of high antioxidant activity teas significantly decreased (up to 35%) when stored in opened packages at room temperature.

11(4) #10
21 Nov 2008
Food Science and Technology
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The purpose of this study was the estimation nutritive value of diets and nutritional status in 182 adolescents aged 12-15 years from region Wielkopolska. Nutritive value of diets were assessed by weekly recall method. Nutritional status was measured by means of anthropometrics index, body composition (FM-fat mass, FFM-fat free mass-BIA method). Diets of adolescents were not correct in the respect of minerals and vitamins. Body weight and FM value were significantly correlated with the energy value of the daily food ration and the share of energy from fat. The BMI value in the analyzed population of youngsters was significantly correlated with contents of carbohydrates and fat in daily food rations. In all population we observed high percent girls and boys with malnutrition also overweight.

11(4) #11
21 Nov 2008
Food Science and Technology
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For well over a decade now interest in farm rearing of African ostrich (Struthio camelus) has been growing both in Poland and worldwide. Ostrich meat has an excellent taste and high nutritive value. For this reason it is exceptionally valuable source of meat and may be used to obtain various meat products. But there is a problem with optimal utilization of ostrich fat. Most studies concern intramuscular fat, while only scarce studies investigate reserve fat. In Poland depot fat collected during slaughter of ostriches is treated as waste. The  aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition and basic physico-chemical properties of subperitoneal fat obtained from African ostrich (Struthio camelus) bred in Poland for the assessment of its potential utilization in food industry. Experimental material was ostrich subperitoneal fat – fat lining the abdominal cavity and porcine subcutaneous fat – backfat. The se preliminary prepared material were subjected to chemical and physical analyses. The se following parameters were determined: fat content, water content, acid number, peroxide value, melting point, solidification point and composition of fatty acids. Statistical analysis of obtained results showed a statistically significant effect of the type of fat on water content, acid number and melting point of analyzed samples. Ostrich fat was characterized by higher contents of total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in comparison to backfat. All these results indicate a higher nutritive value of ostrich fat than porcine fat. Thus a manner of its utilization as food material should be considered.

11(4) #20
09 Dec 2008
Food Science and Technology
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Commercial modified starches: gelling oxidized starch (E 1404), starch phosphate (E 1412), acetylated starch diphosphate (E 1414) and acetylated starch adypinate (E 1422), were irradiated with microwaves (440 and 800 W) and examined for water-binding capacity and water solubility at temperatures of 25°C and 60°C. Rheological properties of starch pastes were investigated by determination of flow curves using a rotational rheometer Rheolab MC1. It was found, that microwave irradiation increases the water-binding capacity and water solubility of starches. The pastes of starches irradiated with microwaves differed in the values of rheological parameters from those of non-irradiated ones. Investigation of the ability to form radicals, studied by EPR, confirmed that. irradiation with microwaves causes partial degradation of  the starch.

11(4) #28
18 Dec 2008
Food Science and Technology
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The material under examination was the grain of winter wheat cultivar Rysa from a field experiment carried out during a three-year-period (2000-2003) in ODR Kalsk. The effect of increase level of nitrogen fertilization (90, 120 and 150 kg N · ha-1) and retardants (Bercema, Cerone, Bercema and Cerone) on the baking value of wheat were tested. Total wheat flour protein and gluten content increased significantly with increasing in nitrogen fertilization dose. Agricultural factors had no significant influence on the gluten quality, Zeleny test and water absorption. Higher doses of the nitrogen fertilization had positive effect on the α-amylase activity and the rheological dough properties. An increase in nitrogen fertilization caused an increase in dough development time and stability time but decrease its softening. Bread wasn't differed with agrotechnical factors and was characterized by high volume and regularly crumb porosity.

11(4) #08
03 Nov 2008
Forestry
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The high-performance harvester Rottne H-20 is used in final felling of conifer stands in the natural forest of Polabi region. The round wood, aggregate and pulpwood are the most often produced assortments. 48.0–58.8 % of assortment volume is made-up of pine and spruce round wood. The measuring frame KESAT takes over these assortments in the log conversion depot. When we compare the electronic acceptance of software DASA 4 of the Harvester H-20 mentioned above with the measuring frame KESAT, we can see quantity differences. Summarization of these possible differences made clear for us the need for monitoring and measuring of wood samples. Qualitative wood acceptances will characterize the natural conditions of stands and the possibilities of the wood production. The quantity difference should not get over 2 % between the harvester and the measuring frame KESAT. The quantity differences lead to the financial and wood-producing devaluation of the forest production. In the case we find out some statistically significant difference between the acceptance tests, we define a correcting coefficient for the timber value and the financial risk assessment, which are among supplying and consumer firms. The financial loss of one softwood cubic meter can be up to 1850,- CZK (pine) and 2450,- CZK (spruce) in the Czech Republic.

11(4) #12
22 Nov 2008
Horticulture
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The objective of the study was to assess the influence of peat, sawdust and cocoa husk substrates on leaf and fruit chemical composition of blueberry 'Sierra' cv. Regarding minerals content, the plants grown in cocoa husk substrate displayed the highest content of N, P, K both in leaves (25.35, 1.22, and 9.19 g kg-1, respectively) and berries (16.22, 1.21, and 7.90 g kg-1 respectively) as well as Mn in the leaves (115.5 mg kg-1). The berries obtained from bushes cultivated in sawdust showed the highest Ca (1.73 g kg-1), Mg (1.25 g kg-1), Zn (10.75 mg kg-1), and Fe (60.49 mg kg-1) content in the leaves, and Cu in the leaves and berries (1.97 and 2.40 mg kg-1, respectively). On the other hand, fruit originating from bushes grown in peat sub-strate had greatest leaf and berry S status (2.18 and 1.48 mg kg-1, respectively) and Ca and Mg content in fruit (0.14 and 0.42 g kg-1, respectively). In contrast, the substrates did not affect considerably Fe and Mn content in berries. Comparing nutritive value of fruit it could be concluded that the usage of sawdust substrate yielded the berries of highest soluble solids (15.3%), total sugar (12.58 g 100g-1), titratable acidity (1.16%) and antioxidant capacity (42.35 µmol Trolox g-1). However, the greatest amount of vitamin C (34.1 mg 100g-1) was found in berries originating from the plants grown in peat substrate. No effect of substrate was observed regarding juice extraction efficiency (88.1-88.7%). The all berries did not surpass allowed nitrate and nitrite levels.

11(4) #19
08 Dec 2008
Horticulture
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The objective of the two-year study was to compare a field performance and chemical composition of red-fruit 'Polana' and yellow-fruit 'Poranna Rosa' primocane raspberry cultivars.
Regarding the yield, 'Polana' plants showed better productivity (8.4 t ha-1) compared to 'Poranna Rosa' (7.3 t ha-1), although, the latter was characterized by bigger fruits (on average 343 g and 309 g, respectively). Moreover, 'Polana' berries displayed higher fruit firmness, higher soluble solids (10.5%), higher total acid (4.1 g citric acid 100 mL-1), and higher vitamin C content (43.3 mg 100 mL-1). Further, 'Polana' berries exhibited higher amount of total polyphenols calculated on HPLC basis (44.98 mg 100g-1), mainly due to the lack of anthocyanins in 'Poranna Rosa' fruits. The red-fruit 'Polana' showed 40.69 mg anthocyanins per 100 g fresh weight with predominant participation of cyanidin sophoroside (24.54 mg 100 g-1) and cyanidin glucoside (9.88 mg 100 g-1). The content of ellagic acid in 'Poranna Rosa' berries was significantly lower (1.46 mg 100 g1) than in 'Polana' fruit (2.09 mg 100 g-1). Additionally, red raspberries overrated yellow ones as far as N,P,K and Mg is concerned (16.31, 3.28, 11.73, and 1.45 g kg-1, respectively), but both cultivars showed the same concentration of Ca, Fe, and Zn (0.43 g kg-1, 110.0 and 22.0 mg kg-1, respectively).
In general, red-fruit 'Polana' berries showed better productivity, harder fruits (more resistant for handling), and were found a richer source both of nutritional and biologically active constituents.

11(4) #26
16 Dec 2008
Horticulture
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Toxic effect of aluminum on roots  was studied using seedlings of Capsicum annuum L. Subjected to water culture with different concentrations of AlCl3·6 H2O (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg·dm-3) for a period of 14 days. Observations of red pepper root tissues were carried out by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The roots Al-treated were characterised by an increased diameter, the shortening or absence of the cap and cracks on the surface. The length of the elongation and meristematic region was reduced. Disturbances in the arrangement, size and shape of the cells of the apical section of the root were observed. The cells of the growing point were characterised by disturbed division planes. The cells of precortex and primary cortex underwent necrosis or showed symptoms of destruction. Many cells were marked by hypertrophy and strong vacuolisation. In the vacuoles of the cells of the investigated root section, numerous dark bodies were observed.

11(4) #06
20 Oct 2008
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of the study was the histological investigation of gastric wall in pig's stomch during the foetal period. This work was carried out on 138 domestic pig foetuses, including 68 males and 70 females. Whole investigated material came from Department of Anatomy and Histology collection Agricultural University of Wrocław and it was genetic equal, known origin (including the horn of uterus), sex and age.The histological slides from the cardiac, fundic and pyloric region were stained with H – E and Masson – Goldner stain. The histometric measurements were carried out and statistically analysied. All aquired results were presented as tables, diagrams and figures. During the histological interpretation NH were used. The development of stomach wall layers was described. The developmental investigations proved, the simple columnar epithelium of gastric mucosa in the whole investigated period of pregnancy. The muscular layer of mucosa, the first parietal cells and the muscular layers division occurred in the 60th day of gestation. The histometric measurements and its statistcal analysis was carried out. It proved the positive allometric growth of gastric mucosa thickness after the 60th day of gestation according to the rapid gastric glands development. The significant decrease of the mean values of separate muscular layers and mucous membrane thickness in the third group can be explained by the gastric glands development, the submucosa separation and the muscular layer partition.

11(4) #30
19 Dec 2008
Veterinary Medicine
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The investigations were carried out on 138 pig's foetuses, 68 male and 70 female. During the anatomical analysis, the precise location and developental rates were estimated. The stomach location was described according to sceletotophic, syntophic and holotophic methods. Whole investgated material was statistically analysied. The highest stomach growth rate was observed in the third and fourth age group. Sex and the uterus horn location have not significant influence on any parameter measured and calculated in foetal pig stomach description. The mean value of stomach length indicates the linear (isometric) growth rate according to subsequent age groups and it is twice larger than the average width and thickness of stomach in the same group. The mean value of the width / length index equals 55.82%. It indicates the medium – wide shape of stomach in foetal period in toto. The value of this index in subsequent age groups clearly describes the dynamic processes of the shape and size rates changes in development of pig's stomach between the 35th and 114th day of pregnancy.

11(4) #32
22 Dec 2008
Veterinary Medicine
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Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) facilitates removing of actin from circulation, takes part in transport of vitamin D and its derivatives and participates in immunological response. There were estimated the concentrations of DBP in serum of foals: in 36-48th hour after birth (after intake of colostrum), in 3-4th week of life and from weaned foals (8-9th month of life). The samples were collected in four foaling seasons. Results indicate that the highest concentration of serum DBP was observed in the group of 3-4 weeks old foals. The serum DBP level is similar in 8-9 months old foals and adult horses. It is probable that physiological increase of serum DBP concentration in 3-4th week of foal's life could be connected with significant decrease of colostral passive immunity acquired in the early life by colostrum ingestion. This study also provides serum DBP level in healthy foals as a  reference for further investigations of the possible use of DBP as disease biomarker.

11(4) #17
04 Dec 2008
Wood Technology
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Thin, dry-dimensioned HDF boards commonly employed in furniture industry are sealed with fillers prior to the application of surface coating materials. In industrial conditions, considerable differences were found in the consumption of the filler for identical types of boards obtained from different manufacturers. A research hypothesis was put forward which assumes that the above-mentioned differences in the filler consumption can be attributed to THE varying surface absorbability of individual boards resulting from differences in their surface geometrical structure (SGS). The presented study compares and analyses correlations between selected SGS parameters and filler consumption applied by an industrial spreader.

11(4) #23
13 Dec 2008
Wood Technology
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The article presents the results of research carried out in various countries, in order to describe the impact of design on different aspects of company operations. More and more attention is paid nowadays to those strategic tools that can enable the company the differentiation of its products and gaining the competitive advantage on the market. It turns out that design is considered to be one of the most crucial factors influencing the development of the company.


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