EJPAU, 2008, Volume 11, Issue 1

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11(1) #12
15 Feb 2008
Environmental Development
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The paper presents the results of an investigation of bankfull discharge using a proposed IBA method (Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment method). The research was performed in one of the Polish Carpathian streams in the Gorce Mountains region: the Ochotnica Stream. As the index of determination of bankfull volume the size of terrestrial invertebrates (carabids) was advocated which were present in the investigated research cross-section and were resistant to specific water discharge conditions. Thus, three so-called invertebrate benches (levels) were recognised which were characterised by selected specific invertebrate species. Next the discharge values were calculated up to those bench levels employing the proposed IBA method (biotic method) and analysed using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. At the same time bankfull was calculated in classic ways using several methods based on hydrological and geomorphological approaches (abiotic methods) as well as based on the Woodyer method which refers to changes in riparian plant communities and their resistantce to flooding (Woodyer’s method is also biotic). Finally, some of the discharges obtained using the IBA method were recognised as lying within the range of bankfull discharges determined using classic morphometric methods. Consequently, a main aim of the paper is to advocate the proposed IBA method to geomorphologists, hydrologists and river engineers to be used and applied in interdisciplinary studies connected with river management, catchment management and small-scale river training works when the conservation value of the systems should not be overlooked.

11(1) #17
11 Mar 2008
Animal Husbandry
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The present study is based on a research conducted on 47 purebred Arabian stallions used in Polish breeding, which have been sires to 2416 heads of progeny participating in Polish National and Youth Arabian Horse Shows in the years 1985-2006, as well as in Falborek Arabian Horse Show organized in 2004 and 2005. The following indices were computed for the stallions under consideration: Relative Genetic Value (RGV), Index of a Stallion (I) and Breeding Value (WH). The following stallions were indicated as significant improvers of the Arabian horse population: Monogramm 1985 and Laheeb 1996, whereas the stallion Europejczyk 1982 proved a significant degrader, deteriorating the breeding progress.

11(1) #18
13 Mar 2008
Veterinary Medicine
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The studies were conducted on 27 bovine larynges (13 young and 14 adult ones). After staining in 10% formaldehyde solution, anatomical dissection using standard set of surgical equipment was performed. Morphological observations as well as numerical, angular and surface measurements were made. The measurements were made using Multiscan, a system of a computer analysis of  pictures. Several basic size parameters and several indicators, calculated on the base of them have been considered. The results were analyzed statistically using t-Student test at the significance level α=0,05.

Statistically significant differences between genders of the studied specimens were stated, as well as in young and in adult ones and almost all of size parameters were greater in male than in female specimens. Among basic size parameters in young animals there were: the thyroid cartilage angle and the size of intercartilaginous part of true glottis. In adult ones there were: the span of the anterior as well as posterior horns of the thyroid cartilage, the superior horn length, the thyroid cartilage length and the arytenoid cartilage width. The influence of age was important in almost all basic size parameters. The analysis of relative parameters (indicators) showed that proportions of the larynx, as well as minor and the adult animals, are determined by sex, not by age.

Conclusion of the research is that a certain sexual dimorphism in cattle larynx is present. It is clearly visible just in young animals, however it transforms during maturation process which could be named “the mutation”, as it is described in humans.

11(1) #20
20 Mar 2008
Agricultural Engineering
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Relaxation spectrum is a very useful tool in the characterization of viscoelactic materials as the knowledge on them enables the calculation of any linear material functions such as the creep compliance, the Poisson's ratio or shear and bulk modulus. The paper deals with the problem of recovery of continuous relaxation spectrum from discrete-time noise corrupted measurements of relaxation modulus obtained in stress relaxation test. An optimal orthogonal scheme of the least-squares approximation of the spectrum of relaxation frequencies by the finite series of Laguerre functions is presented. The approach proposed allows us to reduce the primary infinite dimensional dynamic optimization problem to a static linear-quadratic programming task. The problem of relaxation spectrum identification is the practical ill-posed problem of reconstructing solution of Fredholm integral equation of the first kind from the measured data. Thus, Tikhonov regularization is used to guarantee the stability of the scheme. Generalized cross validation (GCV) is adopted for the optimal choice of the regularization parameter. The numerical realization of the scheme by using the singular value decomposition (SVD) is discussed and the resulting computer algorithm is outlined. An analysis of the model accuracy is conducted for noise measurements and the linear convergence of the approximations generated by the scheme is proved. It is also indicated that the accuracy of the spectrum approximation depends both on measurement noises and regularization parameter as well as on the proper selection of the basic orthogonal functions. The method combines effectiveness and accuracy and is general enough to cover both viscoelastic solids and liquids. Applying the scheme proposed, the relaxation spectrum of an unconfined cylindrical specimen of the beet sugar root is determined.

11(1) #21
27 Mar 2008
Horticulture
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The present paper determined the occurrence and harmfulness of fungi, especially Septoria carvi, towards different cultivars of caraway Carum carvi L. in the climatic conditions of the Lublin region. The studies were conducted in the years 2001-2004 on the plots sown with schizocarps of the cultivars Arterner, Niederdeutscher, Record and Konczewicki. The percentage of plants with disease symptoms on the aboveground parts and the percentage of leaves and umbels with the symptoms of septoriosis were determined in the second years of caraway cultivation. The fungi were identified on the basis of etiological symptoms visible on the infected plant parts and on the basis of the mycological analysis by the method of artificial cultures. The major pathogen to caraway in the examined conditions was fungus Septoria carvi, causing necrosis of the leaves, leaf petioles, stems, umbels and schizocarps. In the conditions which were favourable to the development of S. carvi, all the tested cultivars, and especially Niederdeutscher, were highly susceptible to this pathogen. A complex of other fungi species, including Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum gleosporioides and toxin-forming species from the genera of Fusarium and Altenaria were isolated from the aboveground parts of caraway every year. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum occurred on the roots and the stem base of the examined cultivars in 2004.

11(1) #07
18 Jan 2008
Biotechnology
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The purpose of the study was to determine growth and acid-forming activities, morphology and physiology of Yarrowia lipolytica acetate mutant A-101-1.31, used for citric acid (CA) production from glucose.

The repeated batch cultivation was carried out in 6 batches. The logarithmic phase of growth was observed only in batch I, while in the other batches, only linear and stationary phases occurred. The volumetric rate of biomass production (QX) was decreasing from 0.54 gL-1h-1 in batch I to 0.22 gL-1h-1 in the last batch. CA was produced at high specific rate (qCAg ~ 0.09 ÷ 0.11 gg-1h-1; qCAn-g ~ 0.04 ÷ 0.05 gg-1h-1) and yield (YCAP ~ 0.7 ÷ 0.8 gg-1) only in four batches, each lasting about 72 hrs. In the other batches, the efficiency of CA synthesis was markedly lower, which was correlated with rapid growth of clones forming S-colonies. Parallely to this phenomenon, a significant increase in the mean volume of cells was observed.

11(1) #15
05 Mar 2008
Forestry
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The research concerned two natural ranges of occurrence of Norway spruce in Poland – the south-western range (mountain stands) and the north-eastern one (lowland stands). Twelve sample plots of 1 ha were located in the region of Warmia and Mazury (12 forest districts), 8 plots in the Sudeten Mts (6 forest districts) and 12 ones in the Carpathian Mts (7 forest districts). The collected data served for comparative analyses of the quality of spruce timber from stands of different ages and stand quality classes, and growing on different site types of forest. On the basis of the criterion of age it was noted that in the mountains it is the youngest stands under research that have the best quality while in the lowlands the older stands are of better quality. Considering spruce stand quality classes in its south-western range, stands with higher quality classes were found to be characterized by better quality. In the north-eastern range, no significant differences were noted in timber quality between the compared stand quality classes.

Considering site types of forest, the best timber quality was found on sites optimal for the species under analysis: BMG in the mountains and BMw in the lowlands; very good timber quality was also found in stands growing on fertile sites. Such results suggest the necessity of research on the relations between site types of forest and spruce timber quality.

11(1) #10
05 Feb 2008
Forestry
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The investigations aimed at the determination of the share of juvenile, maturing (transition) and mature wood in stems of Norway spruce from stands of age class IV. The analyses included spruces of the southern and northern limits, as well as those coming from the so-called spruce-free zone. The shares of individual types of wood in stems varied, depending on the social class of tree position in the stand and on the provenance of analyzed spruces. This trend was manifested more markedly in relation to juvenile wood than in the other types of wood.

11(1) #05
15 Jan 2008
Environmental Development
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The Biebrza River, situated in the north-eastern part of Poland, flows through the last extensive, fairly undisturbed river-marginal wetlands in Europe. Its valley intensively drains the surrounding plateau and the outwash plain into the river and creates a very complex ground and surface water system. This study focuses on the upstream part of the river between Lipsk and Sztabin with a length of about 35 km and deals with the problem of determining the Manning friction factor as a function of vegetation and discharge or water levels. During intensive field measurement campaigns information on the river topography and on the hydraulic characteristics of river flow has been gathered. Special attention is paid to to the impact of dense vegetation on the discharge characteristics. The hydraulic data analysys focuses on the determination of the friction coefficients using four methods for steady state conditions.

11(1) #06
16 Jan 2008
Agricultural Engineering
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Utilization of multi-cutting grass is connected with multiple passes of equipment what involve deleterious effect on the growth of plants and results in decrease the productivity. A three year study was conducted on silty loam Mollic Fluvisol covered by Dactylis glomerata. The multiple passes (2, 4 and 6) were applied in comparison with untreated object. Height of plants was measured once a week and dry matter yields were established three times a year. The obtained results indicated that the regrowth of Dactylis glomerata consisted of three phases differ in their growth dynamic. The tractor traffic affected the speed of growth in adversely proportion to number of passes. However, this effect was significantly determined only during the first phase of growth. The growth moderation of Dactylis glomerata according to tractor traffic results in decrease in DM yields. DM production decreased according to an increase in number of tractor passes.

11(1) #09
01 Feb 2008
Biotechnology
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The research was aimed at determining the influence of DAS, ZEA and OTA mycotoxins on the course of malt wort fermentation with selected strains of brewing yeast. The following concentrations of mycotoxins in wort were used: 5 and 15 µg·ml-1 (DAS), 5 and 50 µg·ml-1 (ZEA), and 15 µg·ml-1 (OTA). Contaminated worts were subjected to the fermentation process at 10-12°C for 9 days (Saccharomyces carlsbergensis I-S.ca./13 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (lager) 23) as well as at 23-25°C for 5 days (Saccharomyces cerevisiae I-S.c./46 and Saccharomyces cerevisie I-S.c./57). Analyses involved, among other things, dynamics of fermentation, utilization of carbohydrate components, a degree of attenuation and mycotoxin remaining. The study demonstrated that mycotoxins exerted various influence on the course and results of malt wort fermentation. The highest toxicity was observed for DAS which at a concentration of 15 µg·ml-1 inhibited the utilization of wort extract components. Zearalenone affected negatively the fermentation process already at a dose of 50 µg·ml-1. Ochratoxin A applied at a concentration of 15 µg·ml-1 was found not to affect yeast metabolism. The brewing yeast were characterized by diversified fermentation activity in the medium contaminated with mycotoxins. The highest sensitivity to toxins was observed in the case of S.carlsbergensis I-S.ca./13 and S.cerevisiae I-S.c./46 yeast.

11(1) #19
19 Mar 2008
Food Science and Technology
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The gelatinization and retrogradation of native potato starch and modified potato starches (oxidized starch, distarch phosphate, and acetylated distarch adipate) in the presence of saccharides (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and lactose) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and by turbidimetric analysis, respectively. The obvious effects arising from the presence of saccharides in the starch systems were a shift in the transition temperatures of the gelatinization endotherm to higher temperatures and increase in gelatinization enthalpy. The extent of temperature shift and enthalpy change was dependent on both the kind of starch preparation and the kind of saccharide added to the starch-water system. However, the greatest elevating effect of saccharide on the gelatinization temperatures of the oxidized starch and the distarch phosphate was observed in the case of fructose. The addition of the saccharides, except for lactose, led to the reduction in the rate of retrogradation of the oxidized starch and the distarch phosphate starch.

11(1) #23
31 Mar 2008
Agronomy
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Field experiment of the cultivation of lupin for seeds was established in 2002-2004 at the Experimental and Didactic Station in Złotniki, a property of the Agricultural University in Poznań. The influence of the application of different soil cultivation systems and foliar microelement fertilization on yield and usability features of yellow lupin, Parys cultivar, was studied. The highest yield of seeds and protein as well as the weight of 1000 seeds were obtained in the no-ploughing cultivation system. The remaining features, such as particular yield components, energy efficiency of yield and sowing value of seeds were modified to the highest degree by the course of weather conditions in the particular years of the studies. Among the foliar fertilizers, the most favourable effect on the yellow lupin seed yield was exerted by a dose of Ekolist applied twice, while the chemical composition of seeds, energy efficiency of yield and the sowing value of seeds were not changed by this factor.

11(1) #11
07 Feb 2008
Animal Husbandry
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The research aimed at analysing the slaughter value and physicochemical attributes of goat kids slaughtered at 90 and 180 days of age. After weaning at 60 days of age, a balanced mixture, containing 18.2% protein and 5.63 MJ net energy, was applied as a feed. Live and slaughtered animal weight attributes were analysed. Moreover, tissue composition of the half carcass and meat physicochemical properties were determined. The carcass of older male kid goats was by 5.08 kg heavier and the weight of primal cuts, including high-priced cuts, was by 0.87 kg higher. Half carcass tissue composition was similar and was as follows: 60.13–60.50% of meat, 25.48–25.37% of bones, and 14.39–14.13% of fat. Significant differences in fat and bone contents were found in the leg only. Furthermore, physiochemical properties indicated that the meat of older animals was darker and had higher values of chemical parameters.

11(1) #13
14 Feb 2008
Veterinary Medicine
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We have made an analysis of 136 brown hare individuals (Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778) from 13 locations situated in Poland. The analysis was based on the data from PCR-RFLP of three mitochondrial DNA fragments. For digestion, we used five enzymes (revealed as diagnostic for Lepus by Stamatis et al.): MboI HinfI, MseI for Cytochrome-b (Cyt-b)/Control Region (CR), HhaI, for Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) and MseI for 16S rRNA. As a result of the analysis, we found 17 haplotypes created by joining all digestion profiles from all enzymes. The data analysis revealed high haplotype diversity (12 from 17 haplotypes were unique, they were found only in one location) and high nucleotide diversity. The most variable region was south-eastern Poland (the samples from the area around the city of Zamość).

11(1) #02
08 Jan 2008
Fisheries
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The mass rearing of goldfish larvae and juveniles was carried out under controlled conditions. Two of main aquacultural factors: food regime and stocking densities were studied. During rearing larvae and juvenile goldfish in captivity, dry food can not be used as only one kind of offered food. Initially, fish fed only with this food grew slower and during rearing the mortality significantly increased. After few weeks of rearing, all fish from these groups were died. It was in contrast with fish survival in groups fed with mixed food. As an optimal stocking density from tested in this work, the 1700 specimen per m3 was chosen, with fish survival over 85%. After six weeks of main rearing, the goldfish were in market size.

11(1) #03
10 Jan 2008
Veterinary Medicine
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Osteolitic activity of human osteoclasts precursors derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was demonstrated several times by many investigators. However, there is insufficient knowledge about osteoclast’s precursors from PBMC of different species (mouse, rat, rabbit, bovine and guinea pig). Digestive activity of this cells manifests in their ability to bone collagen degradation in vitro in absence of stromal cells and without addition of growth factors, cytokines and steroids. The major markers generally used to identify osteoclasts are tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and calcitonin receptor (CTR) can be determinate by RT-PCR technique. C-telopeptides, markers of bone turnover caused by osteoclastic bone digestion, were determined with ELISA technique in supernatants. It was observed, that percentage of TRAP-positive cells in PBMC fraction differs in investigated species. Digestive properties of pre-osteoclasts manifested in amount of released C-telopeptides (CTx) depend on time of propagation and amount of propagated cells. TRAP and CTR genes expressions were detected in pre-osteoclasts of investigated species. Osteolitic properties of pre-osteoclasts derived from PBMC appear independently from addition of growth factors and cytokines and also without contact with initiating osteoclastogenesis cells like osteoblasts or stromal cells. High density cultures of pre-osteoclasts occur sufficient for successful bone digestion.

11(1) #14
28 Feb 2008
Biology
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Nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1-3) is a key enzyme of assimilative reduction of nitrate in plant tissues. NRs present in higher plants are differed in structure and physicochemical properties. In literature there are information concerning properties of the enzymes isolated from tissues such cereals as wheat, maize, rice and barley, but not triticale. Because of that, the aim of the research was to purify nitrate reductase isolated from the leaves of seven-day-old seedlings of winter triticale cultivar Moreno and to analyze its physicochemical properties.

The research results showed that NR obtained from the winter triticale seedlings is a homogeneous protein fraction of the molecular weight of approximately 190000 Da. The absorbency of the purified enzyme reached its maximum values at 244, 463 and 491 nm. NR was specific in relation to NADH2 as well as to NADPH2 although it showed lower specific activity in the presence of the latter coenzyme. NR isolated from the seeds of the winter triticale also showed other activities such as MVH (methylviologen) – NR, FMNH2 – NR, NADH-ferricyanide reductase and NADH-cyt c reductase, which is the evidence of the enzyme partial ability to catalyze reactions other than the reduction of nitrate to nitrite in the presence of NADH2 or NADPH2 as the electron donors.

11(1) #16
07 Mar 2008
Food Science and Technology
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Static headspace analysis of oil – polysaccharide mixtures flavoured with caraway shoved higher differences in release of carvone and limonene caused by an increase of fat component (oil and its replacer Frutafit®Tex – inulin) concentration than thickeners addition. The highest changes in retention of carvone and limonene were observed in oil – polysaccharide mixtures containing no more than 10% (w/w) of fat component especially with addition 0.11% (w/w) of xanthan gum. Sensory analysis of the caraway odour intensity of oil – polysaccharide mixtures confirmed results obtained from static headspace analysis and also shoved that with higher concentration of fat component slowly increased odour intensity reported by the assessors as oil odour and/or other (foreign) odour. These odours almost completely dominated caraway odour in samples containing 40% (w/w) of fat component.

11(1) #04
14 Jan 2008
Biotechnology
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Divercin is bacteriocin which is very effective against Listeria sp. In order to study the feasibility of commercialising the production of divercin by Carnobacterium divergens AS7 strain using a large scale bioreactor, a scale-up study from 5 l to 1500 l was carried out using constant agitation power per unit of liquid volume as the scale-up criterion. The maximum specific growth rate as well as the maximum viable cell concentration decreased as the bioreactor scale increased, while enhanced divercin release to the fermentation medium was achieved in 1500 l scale comparing to the reference 5 l bioreactor. This was attributed to nutrient depletion in the large scale bioreactor caused by degradation of the culture medium compounds during the heat sterilisation cycle.

11(1) #01
07 Jan 2008
Agricultural Engineering
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The purpose of the paper was to study the effect of the conditions of freezing and defrosting of spice vegetables on selected determinants of their quality considering the freezer storage. The studies were conducted on carrot, parsley and chive. The studied raw materials were frozen (sample weight 0.5 kg): using the method of impingement (air temperature -20°C), in a freezer (temperature -30°C) and in an ultrakryostat (temperature -70°C). Freezing in a freezer and an ultrakryostat was continued until the temperature of -20°C was reached in the thermal centre of samples. After freezing, the raw materials were stored at the temperature of -20°C for the period of three months. Defrosting was continued until the temperature of 10°C was reached in the thermal centre of the sample: in the conditions of free convention in the air, by the method of revered fluidization, and in a water bath, keeping constant temperature of the environment of 15°C. The analysis was made of the kinetics of the processes, losses of the weight of samples, and an organoleptic evaluation was made of the samples after freezer storage and defrosting. During the storage, on average every 18 days the weight and the general state of the samples were examined comparing them with the samples of fresh raw materials. The lowest weight losses of carrot in freezing (2.35%) were caused by the air chilling method, while in case of parsley it was reversed fluidization. In case of chive no change of the weight after freezing and after defrosting was observed. Carrot weight losses after defrosting were the lowest (1.59%) among the samples frozen and defrosted by impingement method. The lowest losses of the weight of parsley samples (0.04%) were caused by freezing with air chilling method and defrosting in a water bath. Vegetables frozen by the method of reversed fluidization, stored and defrosted in the air in the conditions of free convention received the highest scores in the organoleptic test and hence their quality was only slightly changed in comparison with that of the fresh state. The condition of obtaining such quality of the examined vegetables is the period of the frozen storage which should not exceed 2.5 months at the temperature of -20°C.

11(1) #08
23 Jan 2008
Economics
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The aim of this paper is to propose a discussion about the rational managing principle. The foundation for beginning this consideration begs the question – why Professor Oscar Lange used this name, but did not determine that there is a principle of ways to improve the effectiveness of managing in economics. If indeed there is a rational managing principle, also in the meaning ex ante, and we take into consideration such activities which enlarge the financial outcome of a given economic entity, it seems that the rational managing principle, so far, does not exhaust the complexity of this issue. The author suggests an extension of the content of this principle.

11(1) #22
28 Mar 2008
Fisheries
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Vendace landings were analysed against the background of catches of other commercially important fish species in the lakes Ińsko and Woświn. The detailed morphometry of the lakes as well as basic information on the chemistry of their water are provided. The total fish yields in both lakes were found to be much lower than the overall mean Polish yield; the total yields in the Ińsko and the Woświn amounted to 15.88 and 18.26 kg·ha-1, respectively. Vendace contributed 34.12 and as little as 7.72% to the total yield in the Ińsko and the Woświn, respectively. Most probably, the difference is a result of a poorer water quality in the Woświn the anoxic layer in which begins at the depth of 10 m in summer. According to the vendace catch-based classification system of [3], Lake Ińsko belongs to “good” lakes, while Woświn should be classified as “poor”.


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