EJPAU, 2005, Volume 8, Issue 2

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8(2) #03
05 Apr 2005
Agricultural Engineering
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The paper examined the macro- and micro-damage of grain occurring in the course of the threshing and separating of grain in a combine harvester. Results of the experiment conducted on a stand with a three-drum threshing-separating set in the threshing of wheat, rye and barley were analyzed. Because macro- and micro-damages are strongly interrelated, studying them separately does not give the proper picture of the situation. A multivariate variance analysis (MANOVA) is an adequate instrument to describe the dependent properties. The present study adopted a two-variate model of a four way cross classification with interaction. Variance analysis as well as practical conclusions resulting from the former are presented.

8(2) #20
11 May 2005
Agricultural Engineering
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The analysis of causes of limited carp industry processing is presented in the paper. The main obstacle is the presence of many intermuscular bones in the muscles of products. Cutting intermuscular bones into small pieces that are undetectable in the mouth is the only realistic solution for this problem. The paper describes new possibilities to mechanize this operation in relation to such carp products like carcasses or semi-fillets.

8(2) #29
01 Jun 2005
Agricultural Engineering
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The effective water diffusion coefficient was determined in faba bean seeds during drying. Faba bean seeds with an initial moisture content of 0.240 kg/kg were dried under natural convection conditions at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The results obtained in the study show that in the process of convective drying of faba bean seeds the effective water diffusion coefficient is related to moisture content in a temperature range [15, 35]°C, and moisture content range. It was also found that the effective water diffusion coefficient is significantly affected by temperature in a range [15, 35]°C, but not in a range [20, 30]°C. The exponential form of the Arrhenius equation describes, with sufficient accuracy, the effective water diffusion coefficient in faba bean seeds during drying, as a function of material moisture content and temperature.

8(2) #30
02 Jun 2005
Agricultural Engineering
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The objective of this study was to determine the effects of measuring errors on the accuracy of diffusion coefficient estimation as dependent on the method used. The estimation was based on a numerical solution of the inverse function, and inverse problem solving. The analysis concerned results of convective drying of faba bean seeds. The seeds, with an initial moisture content M0=0.240 kgwater/kgdb were dried at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The results obtained in the study show that the method based on inverse problem solving is more effective at extreme moisture levels (Θ ≈ 0 and Θ ≈ Θk). This method, used for simulating successive replications, enables to acquire information not only on estimated values of the diffusion coefficient and measuring errors, but also on their distribution.

8(2) #21
16 May 2005
Agronomy
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Over 1996-1998 field and laboratory experiments were carried out to define the effect of genetic factor, bean harvest dates and methods on the rate of organic nutrients accumulation in the seeds, pods and stems. The following were researched: a) bean cultivars represented by three forms: small-seeded - `Mela´, medium-seeded - `Słowianka´ and small-seeded - `Jubilatka´, b) harvest dates (every 7 days), from the 7th day following the end of flowering to full plant ripeness, c) harvest methods (threshing): direct (A) - hand-made threshing of seeds directly after cutting, two-stage (B) - hand-made seed threshing once the whole cut plants desiccated, two-stage (C) - hand-made threshing following the seed desiccation in pods previously separated from the plants directly after their cutting. As plants were ripening, the content of water in seeds was decreasing, and the process of wilting was faster than in pods and stems. Two-stage harvest B, as compared with direct harvest A, showed a more favourable effect on the accumulation of dry matter in seeds. The interaction of factors (cultivar x date) decreased, along with ripening, the content of total protein and crude fat in bean seeds, and an increase in the energy value and the share of nitrogen-free extract. The share of respective plant parts (seeds, pods and stems) in the accumulation of nutrients was changing with the ontogenetic development. The share of seeds increased, while the share of stems in the accumulation of total protein and nitrogen-free extract decreased. While comparing the three harvest methods for cultivars, direct harvest A showed most favourable for the content of crude ash, and the two-stage harvest B - for the energy value in all the cultivars researched.

8(2) #24
23 May 2005
Agronomy
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The present paper presents the results of research carried out over 1998-2001 which aimed at defining the after-effect of undersown intercrops and straw on the degree of weed infestation and yielding of winter triticale. The experiment involved two factors: I - fertilization with undersown intercrop (control, manure, birdsfoot trefoil, birdsfoot trefoil + Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass); II - potato fertilization with barley straw (without straw, with straw). In the first year after organic fertilization table potatoes were cultivated, and in the second year - `Tornado´ cultivar winter triticale. The lowest weed infestation was recorded in the field of winter triticale for the forecrop fertilized with a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil with Italian ryegrass. Potato fertilization with undersown intercrops and barley straw showed a positive after-effect on the grain yield, grain yield structure components, straw yield and total protein yield of winter triticale grain. The highest grain yields, of the highest grain yield structure components values, straw yield, as well as total protein yield of grain were obtained from winter triticale cultivated after potato, under which a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil with Italian ryegrass and barley straw were ploughed-in.

8(2) #36
22 Jun 2005
Agronomy
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A strict two-factor field experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design over 2000-2002 at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Technology and Agriculture, at Mochełek, and involved a traditional yellow lupin cultivar, `Idol´, whose plants were sprayed with Tytanit preparation, containing 46% of Ti. The first factor covered the following objects: three spraying dates: single spraying after blossom fall, double spraying - after blossom fall and 7-10 days later and triple spraying - after blossom fall, 7-10 days later and then 7-10 days later. The second factor involved the following objects of Tytanit concentration: 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06%. The plots which were not sprayed constituted the control. Throughout the research years there was observed a significant effect of Tytanit on 7.4-18% increased yellow lupin seed yield. Tytanit did not show a significant effect on the structural components of the seed yield from the main stem; its application resulted in a significant, as compared with the control, increase in the number of pods and seeds as well as in the seed weight from branches. As for yellow lupin yielding, the optimal solution seems to be offered by a double application of 0.02-0.04% of Tytanit straight after plant blossom fall and 7-10 days later.

8(2) #10
15 Apr 2005
Animal Husbandry
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The breed of Hucul horses is valued for its strongly consolidated features. In a small closed animal population such as Hucul horses is, the knowledge of inbred level and its constant monitoring are very important. The base of inbreeding coefficient calculation is animal´s pedigree. One of the most important sire lines of hucul horses is the Gurgul´s line. Its first specimen in Poland was Cukor-Gurgul-5 stallion. For years, his mother´s pedigree remained unknown in Poland. This work confirms the existence of missing documents in Czech, and their connection to the said specimen.

8(2) #01
04 Apr 2005
Biotechnology
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Phaseolus vulgaris fermentation was conducted in a discontinuously rotating bioreactor (DRB). Effects of rotation frequency and the bean mass thickness on Rhizopus oligosporus growth and biosynthesis of selected hydrolases were examined. Morphology and physiology of the fungus were estimated by using the digital image analysis. The results were compared with that of the reference stationary process. The fastest growth of R. oligosporus and the most efficient synthesis of selected hydrolases were achieved for the bed (hydrated, acidified, dehulled, and autoclaved cotyledons of P. vulgaris) thickness of 6 cm, and the frequency of agitation of 1 min every 4 h. Solid substrate fermentation in DRB was shown to be superior to that conducted under stationary culture conditions because R. oligosporus hyphae displayed higher physiological activity and the activity of extracellular hydrolases was 20% larger. In consequence, tempe produced in DRB under optimized conditions contained twice more reducing sugars and 25% more soluble proteins as compared to the reference sample.

8(2) #13
22 Apr 2005
Civil Engineering
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The paper presents a review and classification of methods of the determination of the permeability coefficient and research instruments, well-known from literature. Special emphasis has been put on the discussion of experimental methods, as the most exact values of this parameter are obtained on their basis. Apart from this, attention has been paid to modern measuring instruments which serve to define the consolidation and permeability coefficients in coherent soils. The introduction of suggested changes in the current methodology of studies into practice makes values of the discussed parameters obtained in situ and from laboratory tests comparable.

8(2) #31
06 Jun 2005
Economics
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Family-owned farms constitute a fundamental unit of Polish agricultural structure. However, it is necessary to improve the area structure of Polish agriculture. It is supposed to be achieved with the help of the Agricultural Structure Management Act of 11.04.2003 which introduces certain restrictions in agricultural real-property trade. The responsibilities include a duty to inform the Agricultural Property Agency on concluding contracts of right transfer of these real-properties. The Agency has the right to dissolve the contract and purchase the agricultural real-property for the Treasury paying less for the property than its value estimated by the contracting parties.

8(2) #09
13 Apr 2005
Economics
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In the paper, common relationships among agricultural income, final production and reserves of agricultural and non-agricultural products were defined in individual agricultural farms. Only 31% of the variability of agricultural income in individual farms was explained by the variability of average values of non-agricultural products´ reserves, which is a rather small relationship. The increase of agricultural lands appeared with the growing value of reserves altogether. At the same time, the increase in value of plant and animal production by 1 PLN was associated with a very similar increase in the general value of reserves, a bit higher in plant production. The variability of cereal reserves was explained by the cereal reserves at the beginning of the year, the area of cereal growing, the number of large cattle and pigs´ units and the average cereal crop. Moreover, the variability of potato reserves was explained by potato reserves at the beginning of the year, the potato crop and area of potato growing as well as the number of work-hours which family members and their guests had spent on farm labor. The variability of final gross production per 1 hectare of agricultural land (AL) was explained by the value of agricultural machines and tools, the expenses of plant and animal production, the average state of agricultural reserves, the average state of non-agricultural reserves and an average cereal crop.

8(2) #19
09 May 2005
Economics
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Willingness to pay for the removal of the billboards standing free along the roads has been investigated by using the contingent valuation method. The results of a very limited investigation carried out among the travellers on a thirty kilometre long stretch of the E77 road between Grójec and Janki near Warsaw indicate a rather significant social sensitivity to this sort of pollution of the landscape. If the willingness to pay was attached to one advertisement placed outside the fenced private property along the road, its removal should be valued at 11.32 PLN/household. Total Polish willingness to pay for removal of the standing advertisements has been roughly estimated at 8302.5 million PLN. The sensitivity to this type of landscape pollution was growing with the education and decreasing with the age and the wealth of the person interviewed, except for the highest income group. Women were more sensitive than men.

8(2) #26
25 May 2005
Economics
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Major results of economic globalisation are concentration processes, which take place in the world economy. In the paper there were shown such main forms of concentration as fusions and takeovers. Their types and consequences (often negative ones) for joining transnational corporations were also presented. The second part of the article shows development of these forms of concentration in the world and in Poland, their quantity and value as well as the largest transactions of fusions and takeovers, which happened last years. Analysis confirms the fact that though the most of transactions finish as failures, there still has been large interest of corporations to be joined. Moreover, after down tendency last years, new rising tendency of these forms of concentrations is beginning.

8(2) #05
07 Apr 2005
Environmental Development
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This paper presents results of physical chemistry research on solutes leached from mine waste dumps. Radioactivity research of that solutes is also included, taking into consideration its usage in earth constructions of hydraulic engineering.

The research was done on samples taken from eight coal mine waste dumps.

Impact on the water environment of that solutes was assessed, together with their radioactivity effect. The conclusion of that research contains guidelines for usage of that mine wastes, concerning also its ecological as

8(2) #11
18 Apr 2005
Environmental Development
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The paper presents the results of over 6 years research on biogenes concentrations in surface waters originated from 4 measurement and control sections located in the catchment of Trybska Rzeka stream, which is a right-bank tributary of Białka river whose mouth lies on the right shore of Czorsztyn reservoir. The research has been aimed at determining the impact of mountainous lands management system on the biogenes content in the surface waters flowing across the area. Since numerous factors, quite often difficult to identify, can influence the number of biogenes in water, the field studies were conducted in three very small catchments that were similar in terms of physical and geographical, as well as climatic conditions, but the lands differed in the agricultural management systems. An additional research section on Trybska Rzeka watercourse within the built-in area of Trybsz village has been established to determine the influence of village farmstead areas on biogenic contaminants introduced to surface waters via various agents.

The conducted research allowed to conclude that the agricultural management system applied to microcatchments significantly impacts biogenes content in surface waters flowing out from the concerned area. Nitrate nitrogen and phosphates contents are most heavily impacted. It was also found that in mountainous areas grasslands are most effective in reducing nitrogen compounds content in infiltration waters. Settlement areas with inconsistent water and sewage disposal management systems and inappropriately designed facilities for storing sewage and manure contribute gravely to degenerating surface waters.

8(2) #15
27 Apr 2005
Environmental Development
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In this study the influence of various amounts of fluorine added to soil as NaF solutions (10, 30 and 50 mmol kg-1) on the activity of enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatase, β-glukosidase and dehydrogenases) in soils of various texture and organic carbon content was tested. Also the effect of aqueous solutions of fluoride added to samples of various kinds of soil on the content of fluorine soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2 and in 2 M HClO4 (potentially available for plants), has been studies.

The laboratory experiment was conducted at 20°C, and 60% water holding capacity, on three kinds of soil which differed in organic carbon content and mechanical composition. For three months the activity of enzymes and content of the two forms of fluorine were analyzed every few days. As reference served soil without any addition of fluoride.

The addition of various doses of NaF to the soil caused an appearance diverse amount of fluorine forms soluble in 0.01 M CaCl2 and in 2 M HClO4. The level of these fluorine forms was connected both with the kind of soil (the lightest soil contained the highest amount of water soluble fluorine), and the amount of the added NaF, and also duration of the experiment. The content of the fluorine forms was related to the inhibition of the tested enzymes. The highest inhibition pertained to the phosphatase, in the sequence: alkaline, acid then β-glukosidase and dehydrogenases. In the latter case a temporary increase of their activity also occurred. A high correlation between the content of the various forms of fluorine in soil and inhibition of the enzymes was found, the highest significance of that relation pertained to β-glukosidase.

8(2) #17
29 Apr 2005
Environmental Development
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Results of bioassays performed in Department of Microbiology and Environmental Biotechnology as well as statistical analysis point out to significant interdependence among decreasing amounts of diesel fuel in a soil and a germination level of spring barley (Ortega cv.) seeds, length of above ground parts of seedlings and their root system length. Calculated values of resistance indices (RI) express high susceptibility of spring barley towards diesel fuel presence in a soil and potential possibility to utilize the plant as a bio-indicator of changes occurring during remediation of soil polluted with diesel fuel.

8(2) #27
30 May 2005
Environmental Development
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Optical properties of humic substances (HS) from bottom sediments of two dimictic and meromictic lakes with similar depth (25 m and 29 m) and different thermal circulation and oxygen condition of their water were carried out. Dimictic Marta Lake (ML) and meromictic Czarne Lake (CL) are situated not wide apart, in Drawno National Park, North Poland. Optical analysis: differences UV-VIS - absorption spectra and fluorescence emission spectra were analysed for characterisation of humic acids (HA). HA were taken from bottom sediments of three thermal zones of lakes. All HA from profundal bottom sediments have a bigger UV absorption than HA from littoral. They testify lower degree of oxidative transformation of HA from profundal zone. It was assumed that fluorescence yield of HA from profundal of CL is a few times bigger, than this from profundal of ML. In all humic acids (HA) from profundal zone chromofor (l = 405 nm) and fluorofor (l = 480 nm) originated probably from reduced cytochrom c structure is present. Humic acids molecules are characterised by some exciting and emission centers, which testify their possibility of intermolecular transfer of energy. Coefficients (Kf=IFL/A) proportional to FL yield were calculated. Observed difference of fluorescence yield level indicates the presence of a few time more fluorescent centers in HA from profundal of meromictic than dimictic lake.
8(2) #34
13 Jun 2005
Fisheries
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The aim of the experiment was to examine prey size selection of peled (Coregonus peled Gmel.) larvae using Strauss linear index for food selection. For this purpose larval peled were held in illuminated cages at two stocking densities (10 000 and 40 000 individuals per cage) in three water bodies of diverse trophic characteristics. In the first days of rearing peled larvae fed on zooplankton up to 0.5 mm in length. Then most peled larvae significantly more often selected organisms up to 1 mm, which were most abundant in the environment. Under good feeding conditions, reared fish selected medium-sized zooplankters (from 0.6-1.0 mm length class, less often those 1.0-1.5 mm in length). Stronger food pressure for small prey appeared at a time of poor feeding conditions. Fish fed rather randomly on larger planktonic organisms (>1.5 mm), which were not abundant in the environment. Statistically significant differences were observed in food selection between the cages with different stocking densities, even when the feeding preferences were similar. Large variability in the feeding behaviour of peled larvae was observed during the whole rearing period.

8(2) #12
19 Apr 2005
Food Science and Technology
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The performed investigations were concerned with the possibility of utilisation of the yeasts ATCC 22214 Candida bombicola for the biosynthesis of surface active substances on substrates containing oleic acid, sunflower oil and post-deodorising condensate as carbon sources. Glucose was the source of hydrophilic carbon in the medium, whereas nitrogen was supplied by the yeast extract. The highest yields of biosurfactants (124.5 g·dm-3 - oleic acid, 116 g·dm-3 - sunflower oil and 118.5 g·dm-3 - post-deodorising condensate) were achieved using the medium in which 3 g of glucose and 0.05 g of yeast extract and 1 g of the fat substrate. The obtained biosurfactants, depending on the fat substrate applied in the culture medium, differed with respect to their appearance. The obtained preparations reduced the surface tension of water from 70 mN/m to approximately 32 mN/m.

8(2) #14
25 Apr 2005
Food Science and Technology
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The effect of storage on the cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) content, lipid oxidation, hydrolytic changes, pH, ascorbic acid and nitrite contents in "piwna" and "mortadela" type sausages was studied. All the parameters were examined after 1, 3, 6, 8, 10 days of storage at 4°C in the case of the "mortadela" type sausage, and after 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 15, 17 days of storage at 4°C in the case of "piwna" sausage. A statistical analysis showed an influence of storage time on the peroxide value, pH, ascorbic acid level, 25-OHC and sum of oxysterols in "mortadela" type sausage. In the "piwna" type sausage the storage time has a statistical influence on all the parameters except for its pH value. A significant increase (p = 0.05) oin the peroxide value and the pH value in the "mortadela" type sausage was noted. In the case of the "piwna" type sausage a significant increase of the peroxide value, acid number was noted. Storage time had a significant effect (p = 0.05) on the decrease in ascorbic acid in both types of sausages and nitrite level in the "piwna" type sausages. The content of particular oxysterols statistically increased (p = 0.05) in the "piwna" and the "mortadela" type sausages. The total sum of oxysterols increased (p = 0.05) in both types of sausages.

8(2) #23
18 May 2005
Food Science and Technology
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Native starches, such as potato, wheat, maize, and waxy maize, were subject to oxidation with sodium chlorate(I), hydrogen peroxide in the presence of Cu2+ ions, and sodium chlorate(III) in the presence of formaldehyde. Native starches and their modified preparations were determined for the content of carboxyl and aldehyde groups. In order to determine changes in the internal structure of starch granules, thermodynamic characterization of phase transitions (DSC) was taken and the degree of crystallinity with X-ray diffractions was determined. Potato starch, after oxidation with the applied reagents, became slightly more crystalline, while cereal starches were affected very little. The thermodynamic gelatinization indices obtained for oxidized starches were only changed a small amount in comparison to native ones, which means that the internal structure of the granules is almost unaffected by oxidation.

8(2) #33
10 Jun 2005
Food Science and Technology
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Viscoelastic properties of gluten obtained from two Polish cultivars of wheat of contrasted technological value (`Begra´ and `Wilga´) were studied by applying dynamic oscillatory rheometry. Mechanical spectra of gluten were registered in frequency window 0.001 - 200 rad/s and analysed using Cole-Cole functions to obtain quantitative characteristics of viscoelastic properties in terms of JN0 (compliance of elastic plateau), the inverse of compliance equals to the network elasticity modulus GN0, w0 (central frequency of loss peak) and n (parameter related to broadness of loss peak). Differences in protein fractional composition appearing between individual studied samples are reflected in viscoelastic properties of wheat gluten and are related to weather conditions existing within respective wheat vegetation periods. Cole-Cole equations appeared suitable for obtaining concise quantitative rheological description of wheat gluten viscoelastic properties.

8(2) #37
27 Jun 2005
Food Science and Technology
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The research was undertaken to determine the effect of Jerusalem artichoke’s tuber flour - “Jerusalem artichoke flour” on total cholesterol content, concentrations of HDL, LDL+VLDL lipoproteins and triglycerides in blood of experimental rats. The animals were divided into four experimental groups and fed for 24 days with mixtures containing various proportions of Jerusalem artichoke flour. On the last day of the experiment the rodents were anaesthetised and blood was sampled directly from the heart. Total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides were assayed in blood serum. The content of LDL+ VLDL lipoproteins were calculated from the difference between total cholesterol and HDL lipoproteins. A declining tendency was observed for total cholesterol level and LDL+VLDL lipoproteins when the diet was supplemented with the Jerusalem artichoke flour. On the other hand the amount of triglycerides decreased statistically significantly in blood serum of animals fed diets with 10% and 15% supplement of Jerusalem artichoke flour.

8(2) #07
11 Apr 2005
Forestry
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Mainly due to ecological and economical reasons more and more advanced technologies for logging and hauling are constantly in use. These technologies can also operate in regions with environmentally sensitive forest management. The area of the Ore Mts. is an example, because during its history it was exposed to severe stress caused by pollution by the regional industry. Impacts of the up-to-date logging systems on the forests during pre-commercial thinning were analyzed in this region (Harvester Timberjack 1070 and Forwarder Timberjack 810B). The results of the research showed, that the new harvester technologies must be the technologies of choice. The percentage of injured trees in individual age classes ranged from 1.50 to 2.38 %.

8(2) #35
15 Jun 2005
Forestry
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This study constituted an attempt to assess the influence of the reduction of the assimilation apparatus caused by the reduction of the length of live tree crowns following the pruning treatment of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on the length of tracheids of early and late wood developed after the treatment. The authors analysed changes in the length of wood tracheids in years following the pruning treatment in relation to the extent of the crown reduction.

8(2) #06
11 Apr 2005
Geodesy and Cartography
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By means of the wavelet transformation not only the signals will be transferred into the wavelet domain, but also their statistical qualities, which are described by probability distributions, second order moment functions, and others. Here, we consider the normal distribution and the distributions of the ordinates of periodic signals in order to compare pre-estimates of compression rates using continuous wavelet transforms. The action of non-zero expectation values of processes with stationary increments is investigated for the same purpose. Finally, the theoretical results based on the continuous transformation are compared to those of numerical experiments with discrete data.

8(2) #25
24 May 2005
Geodesy and Cartography
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The paper deals with an analysis of the existence and functionality of legal rules in the CR for processing, use, providing, access and integration of geographical data and information into other processes, occurring in an information, or knowledge based society. The results of the analysis are then compared with legislative approaches in EU countries, especially those which are formulated in INSPIRE. Components of legal process are described and examples from agricultural area added.

8(2) #28
31 May 2005
Geodesy and Cartography
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Software quality depends primarily on a properly planned and correctly carried out development process. Testing, which has an enormous influence on the whole project, is one phase of this process. This is the last step of production and includes system implementation as well. Specialist software, which without a doubt geodetic applications are, requires special attention to work quality. It should be ensured already at the design phase, when individual functions are created according to requirements specification. But often the product can not be properly evaluated before the end of the production process. Some deficiencies and shortcomings (resulting from erroneous coding, incorrect interpretation of user requirements or design flaws) become apparent only after the end of the production process. The only way to minimize the number of these errors is the participation of geodesy experts in the testing phase. They can support their knowledge and experience with specialist software, which allows to shorten the time and decrease the cost of this time-consuming process.

This paper is an attempt to address the cooperation of geodesy and information technology in the testing stage of geodetic software development.

8(2) #04
06 Apr 2005
Horticulture
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The present study investigated chrysanthemum radiomutants (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) and their original cultivars of two cultivar groups; Nero and Wonder. The Ney similarity index revealed a high diversity between the cultivars and in all of the cases was less than 0.829. The cluster analysis separated cultivars into three groups, with the one of Nero group, the other of Wonder group and the cultivar 'Bronze Wonder'.

The aim of the present study was to identify cultivars using RAPD markers. Eight of twenty primers resulted in polymorphic bands which allowed for distinguishing between the chrysanthemum cultivars examined. A single primer or set of two primers resulted in a specific fixed and repeatable pattern of bands in each original cultivar and in each mutant - DNA-fingerprinting.

8(2) #02
04 Apr 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The purpose of present study was analysis of structure of convoluted tubules epithelial cells, which were coming from female rats, which had pregnancy complicated with preeclampsia after nephrotic syndrome induced by adriamycin. In experiment were used 16 female rats divided into two groups: experimental and control (each group contain 8 individuals). Rats from experimental group had administered intraperitoneally adriamycin in dose 5 mg/kg of body weight to induce nephrotic syndrome. Female rats were paired with males 4 weeks from drug administration, and decapitated 4 weeks after delivery. Systolic blood pressure was taken from animals on 10th, 20th day of pregnancy and 10 days and 4 weeks after delivery. In urine from 24 hour collection on 19th day of pregnancy and 27 days after delivery protein concentration was determined. Histological sections from collected kidneys were observed in electron microscopy. Results show the significant damage in epithelial cells in convoluted tubules with features of the apoptosis. Presence of homogenous casts in tubular lumen was the evidence of excessive proteinuria. The histological changes were similar to that which appear in convoluted tubules rat females during pregnancy complicated with preeclampsia. However features of preeclampsia (hypertension, proteinuria, edemas) present during pregnancy disappeared or decreased starting from 10th day after delivery.

8(2) #08
12 Apr 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The objective of the study was a bacteriological examination of semen of wild boar and wild boar-domestic pig hybrid. Besides saprophytic bacterial flora, the following bacteria were detected: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. The results suggest that the bacterial flora of the examined males is close to that of domestic boar semen.

8(2) #16
28 Apr 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The occurrence of young calves' morbidity and mortality is quite often in large commercial dairy farms. It significantly rises the financial costs of breeding cows. For calves' neonates the most important factor in preventing diseases is colostrum and its immunoglobulins. The passive transfer of immunoglobulins could often be possible only if postnatal vitality of a calf is good enough to allow suckling. In our investigations we tried to estimate relationships between postnatal vitality of a calf and the ability to absorb colostral Ig. There were investigated: postnatal vitality, the amount of ingested colostrum, the time needed for first suckling and occurrence of diseases among investigated calves.

8(2) #18
06 May 2005
Veterinary Medicine
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The microbiological quality of industrially-produced minced meat is still unsatisfactory. The purpose of present study was to determinate the microbiological status of minced meat directly post production. Moreover, we tried to establish if its microbiological quality depends on pH value, water activity and the rate of chilling at that stage of production. One hundred twenty samples of mixed (pork and beef) minced meat were subjected the studies. Within 2 hours post production, their water activities, pH values and internal temperatures were measured and they underwent microbiological analysis (total plate count, the numbers of Escherichia coli, coliforms, coagulase-positive staphylococci, yeasts and moulds and the presence of salmonellae). Mean, median, minimum, maximum and standard deviation were calculated for each continuous variable in course of statistical analysis. The Pearson´s coefficients of correlation between microbiological and intrinsic parameters of minced meat were determined. The influence of water activity, pH value and internal temperature of minced meat on its microbiological parameters was tested by means of variance analysis. Escherichia coli was determined in 43/120 (35.8%), coliforms - in 113/120 (94.2%), coagulase-positive staphylococci - in 1/120 (0.8%), whereas yeasts and moulds - in 66/120 (55%) samples. Salmonellae were not determined in any of the sample analyzed. Internal temperature and pH value were proved to affect the microbiological parameters (total plate count, Escherichia coli number) of minced meat on multivariate analysis.

8(2) #22
17 May 2005
Wood Technology
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The properties of liquid and cured PF resin modified with alcohols were investigated in the study. The following alcohols were used in the study: ethanol, butanol, 1,2-ethanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,2,3-propanetriol. It was found that the modification of phenolic resin with the applied alcohols does not deteriorate its pot life at the temperature of 20°C, and in case of polyalcohols it caused an increase in its reactivity at higher temperatures, expressed by the shortening of gelation time at 130°C and the lowering of activation energy of resin gelation. The results of FTIR tests of polycondensed modified PF resins indicate that polyalcohols not only catalyze the polycondensation reaction of the PF resin, but also are built into its structure.

8(2) #32
08 Jun 2005
Wood Technology
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The objective of the experiment was to construct a mathematical model of a semi-rigid angle joint of the confirmat type and a numerical model of cabinet furniture construction with semi-rigid screw joints of the confirmat type. It was shown that models of a semi-rigid constructional node of the confirmat type describe well work of a rigid connector in the neighbourhood of strongly deformable wood-derived materials. In addition, the authors elaborated a mathematical and numerical model of a semi-rigid angle joint of the confirmat type loaded with a bending moment.


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