EJPAU, 1999, Volume 2, Issue 2

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2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Agricultural Engineering
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The paper presents the use of a method called Equivalent Thermal Network used to formulate mathematical model suitable for SDHW system analyses. Composed algorithms make it possible to perform computer simulations either of weather conditions or system parameters and to determine their influence on the system thermal performance and thus can be used by solar system designers. Steady state analysis confirms that the model is correct and the transient analysis adds new aspects to the thermal performance of such systems. Comparisons with measurements taken on a real object prove the usefulness of the method particularly for local conditions.
2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Agronomy
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In a four-year static field trial, an impact of post-harvest soil cultivation method and an increased nitrogen fertilisation on energetic and economic effectiveness of spring barley and winter wheat cultivation were researched. A simplified calculation method was applied in the research. Differences in energy input, direct costs and yield market value between respective variants of soil cultivation and traditional stubble skimming were estimated. Similarly, an impact of an increased nitrogen dose as compared with a lower level fertilisation was defined. It was observed that stubble mulching with cut straw was the most energy - and cost-effective post-harvest soil cultivation variant for spring barley and winter wheat. Cereal fertilisation, increased from 50 or 60 to 100-120 kg N/ha, despite an increased cumulative energy input and direct costs, showed energy- and cost- effective.
2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Animal Husbandry
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Direct and maternal additive genetic variances as well as covariances between these effects were estimated via derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood algorithm under an animal model. 2750 half-bred mares from four Studs were recorded. The following three traits were analysed: height of wither, circumference of chest, circumference of canon. The breed group, year of birth and place of birth were included as fixed effects. The computations were performed using two genetic models (with and without maternal effects). Direct additive heritability estimates were 0.539 for height of wither, 0.345 (and 0.442 from maternal model) for circumference of chest and 0.233 for circumference of cannon. Using the likelihood ratio test it was concluded that the maternal effects were significiant for the analysed traits. Generally, negative correlation estimates between direct and maternal genetic effects were found for single traits. The performed studies indicate the advisability of inclusion of maternal effects int
2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Environmental Development
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The paper presents results of two year field and laboratory investigations of a denitrifying system below leach lines. More than two days retention time was provided by siphoning of the denitrifying trough located 35 and 60 cm under the leach lines. Due to clogging and capillary suction in medium sand the seepage flow through the denitrifying troughs was limited to less than 10 % of the sewage inflow. Average efficiency of the total nitrogen removal was equal to 55 % after 3-4 days of travel time within the soil. To force wastewater to pass through the anaerobic bed within the trough two lateral vertical impermeable membranes are recommended.
2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Fisheries
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The river lamprey caught in Lake Dabie in the autumn seasons of 1997 (35 individuals) and 1998 (53 individuals) had mean individual weights of 145.1 and 139.3 g, respectively, their respective mean body lengths being 443.9 and 400.8 mm. The largest and the smallest individuals weighed 226.9 and 70.4 g, respectively. The post-dorsal lengths was the only plastic character, out of the 16 characters determined separately in females and males (sex ration of 2.1:1), which showed a substantial between-sexes difference.
2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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White wheat flour was substituted with up to 25% of whole and fine barley flakes to determine the effects on physical properties of dough and bread quality. The chemical composition of the control bread and breads with up to 25% substitution of whole barley flakes were determined. Product acceptability was judged by sensory evaluation. In general, fine barley flakes concentration in the flour blends increased farinographic absorption to a greater degree than did whole barley flakes. However, whole barley flakes enhanced the dough development, dough stability and mixing tolerance index more than fine barley flakes. Replacing up to 25% of wheat flour with whole or fine barley flakes reduced the loaf volume. Breads containing 10% fine barley flakes or 15% whole barley flakes received the highest overall score. Bread, in which the whole barley flakes replaced up to 25% of the wheat flour, contained more ash, protein, dietary fiber and its fractions in comparison with the control bread.
2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Horticulture
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Observations were carried out on the plant composition of apple orchard floors in different soil management methods (herbicide strips under trees vs. herbicide applied to entire orchard floor) in the years 1981-1996 (orchard I) and 1981-1989 (orchard II). Capsella bursa - pastoris (L.) Med., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Erigeron canadensis L. predominated in herbicide strips in the tree rows, Amaranthus retroflexus L., Echinochloa crus - galli (L.) P.B., Erigeron canadensis L., Polygonum aviculare L. and Taraxacum officinale Web. – in alleyways under over-all herbicides, and Agropyron repens ( L.) P.B., Lolium perenne L., Poa annua L. and Taraxacum officinale Web. were the most abundant components of sod in interrows. The changes occurring in consecutive years and possible reasons for variable species behavior are discussed.
2(2) #01
01 Sep 1999
Veterinary Medicine
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The main branches of the middle cerebral artery were defined in 16 cerebral hemispheres. It was observed that in 14 (87.5%) hemispheres, the main trunk of the middle cerebral artery bifurcated into two common branches which, in turn, branched further into cortical branches.
2(2) #02
01 Sep 1999
Agricultural Engineering
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The paper presents the results of studies on spray nozzles, placed on a spray boom, hanging over a patternator. It was found out that when the location of particular nozzles is changed, the variation coefficient of distribution of the fall of the sprayed liquid (C.V.) changes as well. The change of C.V. is especially high for the nozzles which are technically worn out. The studies showed that while testing the nozzles on a patternator, the microclimate in the area of the site undergoes a change.
2(2) #02
01 Sep 1999
Agronomy
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In the present research an effectiveness of soil fertilisation with lower dosages of nitrogen combined with top supplying with a 10% water solution of carbamide was compared with that of the standard test soil fertilisation (PK + 220kg N/ha). A similar reaction of meadow sward in both cases of nitrogen feeding was observed. Fertilising the soil only with 55 kg of N/ha along with foliar fertilisation caused neither a decrease in the yield nor its quality. The application of the second spray for the second cut did not cause any decrease in yield, however it had positive effect on the content of total protein and crude fibre in the feed. A significant impact of the subsequent years of fertilisation on the combined effect of soil and foliar nitrogen fertilisation with carbamide solution was noted.
2(2) #02
01 Sep 1999
Animal Husbandry
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The anthelmintics resistance of nematodes in sheep, cattle, horses and sows was investigated on 4 farms in North-West part Poland. The farms were visited thrice – before and twice 7 and 14 days after treatment. During the first visit, groups of 10 animals were formed. All animals were weighted before treatment and from each animal faecal samples were individually taken. One group in each farm remained untreated as a control.
2(2) #02
01 Sep 1999
Environmental Development
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The article presents research on bankfull discharge on two Polish Carpathian creeks: the Skawica and the Krzyworzeka. The Woodyer’s method was presented as a bankfull criterion within small mountain catchments. A set of plant indicators, for such conditions, was found for each of so called “Woodyer’s benches” along the researched sections of the investigated creeks. It was concluded that Woodyer’s method could be used not only as an auxiliary one for bankfull determination but also as a decisive method in case of mountain stream.
2(2) #02
01 Sep 1999
Fisheries
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Assays, made on 64 mature carp females aged 5 years, were performed during the spawning season (summer) and in mid-winter. Some fish were subject to intraventricular melatonin microinjections, while other had their pineal gland excised. Intensity of fluorescence in the hypothalamic aminergic nuclei was determined with the fluorescence histochemical method. The lowest fluorescence intensity was revealed in those individuals lacking the pineal gland, the highest intensity being typical of the fish subject to intraventricular melatonin microinjections. In the winter series, all the fish showed a similar fluorescence intensity in the hypothalamic region studied. The results demonstrate a relationship between the pineal gland, melatonin, and the hypothalamic aminergic system, present in carp during the spawning period.
2(2) #02
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of this work was to assess contamination level of meat, available at the retail market in Szczecin, with Campylobacter spp. In total, 172 samples, including 65 poultry, 57 pork and 50 beef half-carcasses were tested. Campylobacters were isolated from 73.8; 66.7 and 66.0% of smear samples tested, respectively. Numbers of campylobacters on poultry were by one order of magnitude higher than on pork and beef half-carcasses and exceeded 103 CFU per 1cm2 of skin.
2(2) #02
01 Sep 1999
Veterinary Medicine
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The experiments were performed on 3 sheep which had bi-polar platinic electrodes subserously implanted to the uterus shank and horns during an operation. The registration of uterus myoelectrical activity was conducted by the use of Reega Duplex XVI electroencephalograph. The tests were carried out on sheep in uterus, sensitised and non-sensitised with Stilboestrol-Polfa (0.04 mg kg-1 i.m.). After recording the output uterus activity, the sheep were administered serotonin in continuous infusion in the quantity of: 12-24 microg kg-1 min-1. The obtained results revealed that serotonin in sheep in anestrus, non-sensitised with stilboestrol, does not cause (within the scope of action potentials) any changes in the electrouterographic record. In sheep sensitised with stilboestrol, serotonin increases the uterus myoelectrical activity.
2(2) #03
01 Sep 1999
Agronomy
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The present paper concerns interactions between a set of objects, where the same components (fractions) can be isolated, and a standard object, which consists of arithmetical mean shares in these fractions. A method was proposed how to estimate the variability observed in the structure of a given object, as compared with the standard structure, as calculated with a coefficient of compatibility with the standard (CCS). According to the algorithm introduced, the coefficient value falls between ( 0.1). When the structure of a given object is identical with the one of the standard, the coefficient amounts to 0.5. If a growth in cumulative interest for respective fractions is more intensive as compared with the one of the standard, the coefficient amounts to less than 0.5, otherwise the coefficient is higher than 0.5. Applying the method presented, it was observed that the sowing material in the majority of pea cultivars, researched by the Centre for Cultivar Testing (COBORU) in 1995, showed seed size structure si
2(2) #03
01 Sep 1999
Fisheries
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Within 17 September – 31 October 1997, fry of the Russian × Siberian sturgeon hybrid of 31.1 g mean individual weight and sterlet fry of 25.4 g mean individual weight were fed two trout feeds: the Dana–ex 4.85 and the Safir differing, i.a., in their gross energy content (5470 and 5173 Kcal·g–1, respectively), each feed being offered in triplicate. The fish were kept in cages, stocked at 80 ind./cage, placed in power station cooling water of temperature changing within 12.2–23°C. Water temperature–dependent differences in fish growth were revealed: the hybrid grew better at 19–23°C, while the sterlet growth was better at 12–18°C. In both fish groups, the Dana–ex 4.85 produced better food conversion rate (FCR) and apparent net protein utilisation (aNPU).
2(2) #03
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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The alkalinity of ash, content of selected mineral compounds, nitrates III and V, and soluble and total oxalates were determined in spinach and New Zealand spinach grown in the spring or autumn period in the aspect of using these crops as a raw material for the food processing industry. In 100 g fresh weight of spinach the alkalinity of ash was 17.4-18.9 cm3 1 M HCL. As for the analysed factors, the following values were determined: potassium 628-663 mg, phosphorus 34-59 mg, calcium 109-340 mg, magnesium 68-78 mg, sodium 24-30 mg, iron 4, mg, nitrates 11.0-165.0 mg, nitrites 0.06-0.08 mg, soluble oxalates 347-563 mg, and total oxalates 370-938 mg. The mean alkalinity of ash in fresh weight of New Zealand spinach was 12% lower than in spinach. Also the content of potassium was 41% lower, of phosphorus 49%, of calcium 52%, of magnesium 38%, of iron 9%, of soluble oxalates 32%, of total oxalates 40%, and of nitrites 53%. The content of sodium was 222% and of nitrates 92% higher. In the two species cha
2(2) #03
01 Sep 1999
Veterinary Medicine
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29 mink and 35 dog specimens investigated showed some occurrence of double renal arteries.
2(2) #04
01 Sep 1999
Agronomy
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The effect of presowing hydration treatment on DNA replication activity in the embryo of three sugar beet cultivars was studied using flow cytometry. The treatment protocol consisted of soaking the seeds for 2 hours in tap water and then for 2 hours in 0.2% NaOH solution. After drying, a slurry treatment with Oxafun T was applied. The applied treatment was aimed at removing soluble inhibitors from the pericarp and to control of damping off. Seedling length vigour index (SLVI), germination capacity and the relative proportions of the DNA replication stages were determined in untreated and treated seeds. Hydration treatment increased seed performance, in particular the vigour index. A higher G2/G1 ratio was noted for treated seeds than the untreated ones, which suggests that cells of the former seeds had entered the synthetic phase of the cell cycle. A positive correlation was found between the G2/G1 ratio and laboratory test parameters (SLVI and germination capacity)
2(2) #04
01 Sep 1999
Fisheries
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The sperm collected from common and grass carp males was stored at 5oC, and activated with water of various temperatures (20, 26, and 30oC). Time of spermatozoa motility was measured. Motility decreased with time after milt collection. Common carp spermatozoa were active longer, up to 70–80 s. In most series their activity was reduced after 24 hours. Spermatozoa of grass carp were active up to 30–55 s, and their motility shortened already in 8 hours post collection. After 24 hours they were motile less than 10 s. The effect of temperature of activation was observed – the spermatozoa were active for the longest time at 20oC. Spermatozoa motility time was also affected by temperature of storage. Even short–term (15 min) keeping spermatozoa at 20oC shortened their motility time in both species, and after 2 hour storage common carp sperm motility was reduced by about 50%. Storage or acclimation at high temperature reduced also spermatozoa viability (ability to undertake
2(2) #04
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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Pork meat (m. longissimus dorsi) was treated with high pressure of 100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa. The pressure was applied for 10 minutes at room temperature. The concentration of hydrogen ions increased by 0.2 units within the pressure range of 300 and 500 MPa. The application of 300 and 400 MPa resulted in the increase of drip loss and contributed to the decrease in free water content compared to the control sample. All tested pressures caused a decrease in added water and thermal drip. The changes of these parameters strengthened with the increase of pressure applied. Pressures between 100 and 200 MPa slightly brightened the meat color but significant changes of this parameter began at 300 MPa. The greatest increase in color brightness and the largest share of the denatured myoglobin were observed following the application of 400 MPa.
2(2) #04
01 Sep 1999
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of this work was to determine the influence of feeding sheep with frozen fodder on the profile of rumen fermentation and its reflection in blood acid-base equilibrium.
2(2) #05
01 Sep 1999
Agronomy
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The 1990-1992 research investigated the impact of foliar fertilisation on the chemical composition of potato leaves, stems, stolons and tubers over flowering. It was observed that neither foliar fertilisation with a 6% of aqueous solution of carbamide and a multi-component fertiliser (Agrosol - K) nor solid fertilisation caused significant differences in the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg in respective potato plant parts. During the flowering period the most equivalent K : (Ca + Mg) ratios were found in stem.
2(2) #05
01 Sep 1999
Fisheries
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The present paper describes the results of induction spermiation and ovulation of ide (Leuciscus idus L.) during and out of spawning season using CPE with addition of hCG, hCG and ovopel - GnRH containing pellets. Males from control group produced significantly smaller volume of milt (season) than those from hormonally treated groups. Significant differences in spermatozoa motility was noted between treated and control males. The percent of ovulated females from groups treated with CPE and ovopel was 100%. Fish from control groups and treated with hCG did not ovulate. The total spawners mortality was quite high, especially in fish treated with ovopel. Generally, all recorded parameters in out of spawning season were lower than those obtained during artificial propagation in natural spawning time.
2(2) #05
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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Purified proline-specific amino peptidases from Lactobacillus curvatus and from Lactococcus lactis were active on both X-proline dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (PepX) substrates, Gly-Pro-AMC or Gly-PropNA and on proline endopepetidase (PEP) substrates Suc-Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro, Suc-Gly-Pro-AMC, Z-Gly-Pro-AMC or Suc-Gly-Pro-pNA, however; activity on PEP substrates was markedly less than that on PepX substrates. The enzymes from Lactobacillus and Lactococcus hydrolyzed a number of oligopeptides containing 7-11 amino acids residues and proline at the penultimate position from N-terminus, but hydrolysis of natural PEP oligopeptide substrates containing proline residues at internal positions was negligible. The two proline-specific enzymes were strongly stimulated by NaCl and inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and organic solvents.
2(2) #06
01 Sep 1999
Agronomy
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The research investigated the effect of three tillage methods: A - ploughing, B – ploughless cultivation and C - direct drilling, on the distribution and dry weight of plant roots in sandy loam soil. More abundant roots were observed in winter wheat in direct-drilling objects and in spring barley exposed to ploughing. Dry matter of roots was higher in the 0-10 cm than in the 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers. The root distribution of cultivated plants was similar.
2(2) #06
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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Starches such as potato, corn and wheat with 16 and 24% of moisture content were extruded in a single-screw extruder. Moisture content determines extruded starch properties. Extrudates from starch with a lower moisture content (16%) are characterized by lower density, higher expansion ratio, lower hardness and force used for crumbling as well as lower water binding capacity and higher solubility in comparison with extrudates from starch with a higher moisture content (24%).
2(2) #07
01 Sep 1999
Agronomy
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The 1991-1993 research aimed at defining the applicability of mechanical treatment and some herbicides for potato weed control. Mechanical treatment, 3-time hilling plus harrowing, combined with herbicides, Bladex 50 WP 2 kg.ha-1 applied till emergence and post-emergence Nabu 20 EC at 2 l.ha-1, showed most effective, causing a four-time reduction in weed infestation (weed dry matter) and increasing tuber yield by 47%, as compared with the control exposed to mechanical treatment, only.
2(2) #07
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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The effect of three different carbonate preparations BTC, OPREN and QTR on the rheologic properties and quality of meat batter and comminuted sausages was studied. Meat batters and the manufactured comminuted sausages were used as experimental material. Carbonate preparations were added to the batters according to the instructions of the producers. Sausage batters were analysed 4 to 5 hrs and the sausages 24 hrs after their production. Carbonate preparations added during meat chopping operation were found to increase pH value and decrease thermal drip in the batter whereas sausage texture and sensory quality were not worsened in comparison with the control sausage. Carbonate additives increased considerably the yield of finished products. The experimental findings demonstrated that the examined carbonate preparations may be used in the commercial production of comminuted sausages.
2(2) #08
01 Sep 1999
Food Science and Technology
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In the research the effect of thermal processing in a convection oven on dishes quality was evaluated. The quantitative and qualitative changes of some nutritive values and sensory indices were estimated in comparison with conventional methods of thermal processing. In the study raw materials and dishes of vegetable (sauerkraut and potatoes) and animal origin (cooked and roasted meat, cooked and fried minced meat balls) were investigated. The content of ascorbic acid and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were used as the nutrition value indices of investigated vegetable dishes. Thiamine and collagen changes in meat dishes and retention of iodine in the products (meat balls) with addition of iodized salt were analyzed. All prepared dishes were sensory evaluated with the triangle test.

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