EJPAU, 2011, Volume 14, Issue 2

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14(2) #02
05 Apr 2011
Agricultural Engineering
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There were performed an experiments with entomopathogenic nematodes of four species: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis megidis, Steinernema feltiae and Pharmarhabditis hermaphrodita that were subjected to the liquid static pressure of 52.5 MPa. The static pressure was intermitted. The times of interval and compressive periods were equal 1 minute. The duration of each experiment was 30 minutes. There were counted a relative viability of nematodes before and after treatment. It was not observed that the intermitted pressure, caused death of the nematodes.

14(2) #13
13 May 2011
Agricultural Engineering
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In this research the effect of bevel angle and shear velocity on shear strength and shearing energy of rose flower (Rosa hybrid L.) stem was studied by using direct shear test. Also, the effects of picking velocity, stretch direction and sample groups (near growth tip, near root internode) on force and energy required to pick up the leaves were studied. All experiments were carried out by Instron Universal Test Machine. The average values of shear strength and energy per unit were estimate 1.63 MPa and 5.16 mJ·mm-2, respectively. With increasing the shear velocity, from 10 to 500 mm·min-1 the average values of shear strength and energy per unit area decreased. Picking force and energy data ranged from 4.5 to 12.2 N and from 8.6 to 16.9 mJ·mm-2, respectively. The effects of picking velocity on tensile strength and energy per unit area was significant (P = 1%). The effects of stem position and stretch direction on tensile strength and energy per unit area were significant.

14(2) #14
02 Jun 2011
Agronomy
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In many countries of Western Europe (Portugal, France, Spain, Germany, Great Britain) winter legumes forms are grown or, at least, exposed to acclimatization testing. In Poland there are known single attempts at growing winter pea strains bred in France and Polish-French lines from the plant breeding at Więcławice (the Kujawy and Pomorze Province). The attempts were unsuccessful, mainly due to insufficient winter-hardiness of plants or a very high variation in overwintering. The new legume seed production solutions proposed involve winter forms (from the EU catalogue) or spring forms (from the national cultivar register) sown in autumn applying special treatments protecting plants over winter or prior to winter using domestic seed of spring legume cultivars specially secured from imbibition, from sowing to early spring. The solutions focus mostly on creating conditions for faster rooting and plant emergence, and thus a better use of post-winter water in early spring, still before unfavourable moisture conditions in May and in June.

14(2) #03
05 Apr 2011
Animal Husbandry
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The efficiency of the replacement of extracted soybean meal and rapeseed meal in the ration for dairy cows during early lactation with dried maize grain with solubles (DDGS) and its impact on performance, composition and physical characteristics of milk was determined. The study was conducted on 78 Polish Holstein-Friesian cows of Red-White variety with an average yield on a level of above 7000 kg of milk. In this study respectively: in group I – 0.5 kg extracted soybean meal and in group II – 1 kg rapeseed meal was replaced by 1 kg DDGS. An introduction of maize DDGS resulted in an increased productivity of dairy cows in the first group in the first month of study by 2.4 kg, reduced share of the milk fat and increased share of protein in milk, while in group II there was an increase in productivity by 1.95 and 1.86 kg in subsequent months. It also resulted in a significant increase of serum albumin, β-casein and α-lactalbumin level in milk from cows in I group, whereas a significant decrease in the level of those protein fraction was noticed in milk from group II. There were no changes in the physical characteristics of milk .

14(2) #12
05 May 2011
Biology
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The aim of the research was to analyze anatomical bases for the effect of sound strengthening. Lenghts of the arm of the lever created by the auditory bones were also measured. The research was conducted on the temporal bones of 9 species of mammals: humans, Macaques, dogs, cats, American Minks, cattle, guinea pigs and rats. Twenty bones of each species were observed: 10 males and 10 females. The calculations were made with the use of a computer programme – Multi Scan. The research showed that carnivore (cats, Minks and dogs) had the best anatomical conditions for sound strengthening in the middle ear.

14(2) #16
07 Jun 2011
Biotechnology
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Degradation of ochratoxin A (OTA) was performed in 16 and 24-hour long incubation in PBS of various pH (4 to 7). Standard OTA was dissolved in acetonitrile and added to PBS. The concentration of mycotoxin was determined with the use of direct competence ELISA tests. Dead cells of bacteria were obtained by the thermal inactivation in PBS. The dead cells of Lactobacillus acidophilus K1 strain have the highest ability to degrade OTA after 24 hours of incubation in  PBS at pH 5. At these conditions OTA was degraded by 79%. Lowering of pH caused an increase in the OTA degradation. After 16 hours of incubation at pH 4 the residue of mycotoxin amounted to 25%. The elongation of incubation time caused lowering of mycotoxin concentration. At the shorter time of incubation, live cells showed higher ability to eliminate OTA.

14(2) #04
06 Apr 2011
Environmental Development
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The subject of the studies was to determine some parameters of pellets produced from waste materials generated during production of the certified seed materials of barley, wheat, red fescue as well as mixed cereal grains wastes, produced from sunflower husk and from short-rotation willow biomass. As a control pellets produced using dry oak or pine woodchips were applied. The following parameters were taken into account: water content, ash content, calorific value and elemental composition (C, N, H and S). Pellets produced from mixed cereal wastes showed the highest moisture content while pellets from other studied wastes manifested moisture content close to oak woodchips pellets. Crude ash content in pellets produced from waste substances was several times higher than in woodchips pellets and considerably exceeded the standard value. Analyses of caloric and heating values showed that pellets from mixed cereal wastes had the lowest values of those parameters. Any of pellets produced from waste materials met demands of first class wood pellet given in German standard DIN 51731 for pellets heating value between 17.5 and 19.5 MJ·kg-1. Sulphur content in waste pellets was sometimes higher by factor of twenty than maximal value for first class pellets (amounting to 0.154% in sunflower husk pellets when allowable level is 0.08% S). Quality parameters of pellets made of short-rotation willow biomass were higher then determined in cereal wastes pellets because of its higher caloric values and lower ash, sulfur and nitrogen concentrations.

14(2) #06
08 Apr 2011
Environmental Development
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The Nida River, which flows across the central part of Poland, creates a unique inland delta in its middle run, inhabited by many rare plant and animal species. After river training and reclamation works conducted in the 1980's, retention capacity of the catchment has dramatically decreased. The run of the Nida River in the delta was shortened, which caused an increase in watercourse slope, resulting in the intensification of bedload transportation and bed erosion processes. At present, there are many ecological projects running in the Nida basin (i.e. the Natura 2000, Bird Directive, CORINE, etc). In order to improve the condition of water and flood protection in the middle delta, renaturalization works are proposed which safely restore valley retention.

14(2) #05
07 Apr 2011
Fisheries
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The experiment was performed on the gonads of the following: 205 females of the hybrids ♀ Salmo trutta m. trutta × ♂ Salmo salar, 64 females of the hybrids ♀ Salmo salar × ♂ Salmo trutta m. trutta, 120 female trout and 120 female salmon, aged 0+, 1+. The fish were obtained from 8 experiments, in which a reciprocal cross was made of salmon and trout caught in their natural environment. The hybrids grew in small watercourses which do not join open waters. The watercourses are in the Bukowa Forest. The hybrids and the salmon and trout were caught in cycles. After the fish were caught, they were weighed, measured and their gonads were cut out and fixed. Histological preparations were made and the gonad stages and the degree of oocyte development and oocyte size were analysed. Results showed that the gonads of females of reciprocal hybrids aged 0+ or 1+ were in developmental stage I or II. In the second stage of gonadal development these oocytes reached 1, 2, 3o of protoplasmatic growth, while in the gonads of salmon and sea trout, oocytes reached 4o protoplasmatic growth. In the hybrids, ♀ trout × ♂ salmon remained at stage I till the age of 14 months, while in the reverse hybrid till the age of 9 months. This is much longer than in species in which parents at the age of 4 months, were in stage II. In addition, a distinctive feature of hybrids from parental species was that in the gonads of all female hybrids, of the two oocytes there were only 1–3o protoplasmatic growth (second stage of development of the gonads), and in the parent species growth was more advanced. In hybrids protoplasmatic growth of oocytes in the sections of the gonad were few, with salmon and sea trout filling the entire cross-section of gonad.

14(2) #15
06 Jun 2011
Food Science and Technology
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During the four-month frozen storage, mass loss from sublimation occurred in the air packed rainbow trout, but was not observed in the vacuum stored fish, which were packed in steam-tight packages. After venting, the wrapping fitted close to the surface of the fish, which almost completely eliminated mass loss from sublimation. The percentage moisture content in the air-packed  fish was found to be on average by 4% lower comparing to the vacuum packed fish. The use of vacuum packaging resulted in a slight texture deterioration in the frozen stored fish comparing to the fresh ones, which indicates that prolongation of the fish shelf life has been obtained without compromising their quality. However, greater changes in texture parameters were observed in the air packed fish, comparing to the fresh material.
In the frozen stored carcasses, greater variability in texture parameters was observed for sections A and B, comparing to section C. In the frozen stored fillets, a reverse tendency was found. Fillets were distinguished by greater variability in texture parameters comparing to carcasses, similarly as the vacuum packed samples comparing to the air packed ones.

14(2) #01
04 Apr 2011
Forestry
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The author proposed the evaluation of forest soil quality based on the soil enzyme index (SEIDPU). The activity of the dehydrogenases, proteases and urease at the natural moisture soil samples from each horizons was determined, and then the activities were computed on the oven-dried soil mass in a column of 1 dm2 × 1m (10 dm3) of soil profile. The aim of this study was to examine the proposed index in 10 different subtypes of forest soil in southern Poland. Broadly speaking, dystrophic soils  (Haplic Podzol, Hyperdistric Luvisol, Hyperdistric Cambisol) showed  low values in the soil enzyme index, and eutrophic soils (Endoeutric Cambisol, Rendzic Leptosol, Hypereutric Luvisol) the highest values. The value of the SEIDPU to the highest degree was determined by urease activity, to a lower degree by protease activity and the lowest degree by dehydrogenase activity. The received values of SEIDPU sorted investigated soils according to their quality, and an interpretation of order is possible, according to our present knowledge. Effect of differentiated  plant communities on the differentiated values of investigated SEIDPU in the same or similar soil subtypes are discussed in the paper.

14(2) #10
15 Apr 2011
Horticulture
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Studies carried out in 2006–2009 dealt with the evaluation of primary metabolites content in winter cultivated garlic leaves (local ecotype "R") depending on reproductive material used (cloves and air bulbils) as well as cultivation locality (high unheated foil tunnel, field). The content of dry matter, (13.08–17.76%), total sugars (4.56–6.60%), L-ascorbic acid (16.21–19.66 mg·100 g-1), chlorophyll (1.012–1.601 mg·kg-1) and crude fiber (1.35–2.18%) in leaves was determined.

14(2) #07
08 Apr 2011
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of the study was an assessment of an influence of glycerin applied to the TMR dose on carbohydrate-lipid transformations, chosen enzymes activity and milk yield of Polish Holstein-Friesian cows in periparturient period. 24 multiparous cows were included in the research. Glycerin in a dose of 300 ml /day was applied to the TMR dose of the experimental cows from 7 day a.p. to 3 week p.p. Biochemical tests of blood were conducted using Pentra 400 analyzer of HORIBA ABX Company. The concentration of glucose, β-betahydroxybutyrate acid, unsaturated fatty acid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, ALP, GGT enzymes activity as well as total bilirubin was determined in blood serum. The long-term feeding of glycerin in periparturient period had an antiketogenic effect limiting glucose level decrease in blood, and limited an intensification of lipolysis at the beginning of lactation. The lower increase of AST activity and total bilirubin concentration was affirmed at 3 week p.p., after the use of glycerin. The lower decrease in condition was noted in experimental cows, that did not influence statistically on milk yield.

14(2) #08
11 Apr 2011
Veterinary Medicine
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The analyses of feed contamination with mycoflora were carried on 1299 samples of feed mixtures for farm animals and pets. From those only in 12.2% the contamination was not detected. In Opole the presence of mycoflora was stated in 95.5% of samples, however in Wrocław the percentage of contaminated samples amounted to 80.13%. On the basis of these data it could be concluded that the evaluation of total number of fungi is not sufficient to evaluate the mycological quality of feed mixtures. For complete evaluation of mycological quality the simultaneous evaluation of mycotoxins concentration is indispensable.

14(2) #09
14 Apr 2011
Veterinary Medicine
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Last researches showed multipotent abilities of fat – isolated mesenchymal stem cells. These cells have been successfully used in many locomotive disorders therapies, being even more effective in these kinds of diseases than stem cells from bone marrow. Obtained and maintained in vitro, AD-MSCs were observed, photographed and measured to get a picture of their typical behavior, appearance and sizes.

14(2) #11
18 Apr 2011
Veterinary Medicine
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From winter 2006 to spring 2008 we studied badgers' behaviour (Meles meles) at the main sett. The study was conducted in the Stobrawa Landscape Park (south – western Poland). Badgers' behaviour could be analyse:  in the sett (underground), near the sett and on foraging grounds. The aim of this study was to recognise this predator behaviour in SLP. We were interested whether badgers behavior depends on the environmental conditions, especially on the population density. Most of this type of research had been conducted in western Europe, where badgers occur in high densities (e.g. 75 individuals/10 km2 [10]; 253 ind/10 km2 [19]). In central and eastern Europe, badgers' densities seem generally lower, with mean group size of only one to three  [5,13]. The badgers in our study were living at low densities, typically to many populations in continental Europe. We wanted to test hypothesis that differences in population densities across their geographic distribution may result in different behaviour near the sett. Our results have shown that badgers' behaviour changed during the whole year. Various activities near the burrow took, depending on the season, from several minutes to several hours. Some behaviours were season – specific.

14(2) #17
08 Jun 2011
Veterinary Medicine
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The measurements of craniometric characteristics in raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray) involved the use of 110 skulls, including 52 male and 58 female skulls from the region of Pomorze and Kujawy. For each skull 24 measurements were taken to facilitate defining craniometric characteristics, their proportions and correlations. The present research shows clearly a shortening of the viscerocranium, as compared with other Canidae, similar to the length of the neurocranium part. Investigating the cranial variation in the skull parameters in raccoon dog, it was found that the highest coefficient of variation in males concerns the length of the frontal bone in the sagittal plane /Br-N/ and the height of the occiput /Op-O/, while in females – the placement of the eye sockets /Ect-Ect/. The calculations made show the range if variation, including the cerebral skull, especially the cerebral skull height /Sph-Br/ and the height of the occiput /Op-O/. A high value of the coefficient of variation was observed also for the cranial cavity volume. In ten measurements there were observed significant differences between the sexes.

14(2) #18
10 Jun 2011
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of study was to determine effect of applied in calf milk replacer feed additives – mannanooligosaccharides, inulin and yeast nucleotides on rumen microflora, level of serum immunoglobulin and calf health condition. The results of research related to effect of mannanooligosaccharides, inulin and yeast nucleotides added to calf milk replacers on calf rearing and health condition point to higher final body weight as well as higher daily body weight gains, better concentrate intake and feed conversion ratio all rearing long. Feed additives, especially yeast nucleotides had beneficial influence on faeces scores – better consistency (less watery and well formed). It can testify to better calf health condition. Additives applied in calf milk replacers did not clearly affect on morphological and biochemical blood and serum parameters. Merely blood glucose increased while levels of cholesterol and plasma urea N were reduced. The higher level gamma-globulin as well as better passive immunity transfer were stated in calves receiving mannanooligosaccharides and yeast nucleotides in amount 4g/day/head in milk replacer. Applied in calf milk repalcers mannanooligosaccharides, inulin and yeast nucleotides, especially inulin in amount 6g/day/head increased calf rumen pH and decreased level of rumen ammonium nitrogen. Concentration of total volatile fatty acids in rumen, especially acetate and propionate were higher in calves receiving in milk replacer prebiotic feed additives, especially mannanooligosaccharides and yeast nucleotides what was confirmed by higher body weight gains. Moreover the total bacteria count increased while the concentration of protozoa in the rumen fluid decreased, particularly in calves receiving inulin.


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