Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities (EJPAU) founded by all Polish Agriculture Universities presents original papers and review articles relevant to all aspects of agricultural sciences. It is target for persons working both in science and industry,regulatory agencies or teaching in agricultural sector. Covered by IFIS Publishing (Food Science and Technology Abstracts), ELSEVIER Science - Food Science and Technology Program, CAS USA (Chemical Abstracts), CABI Publishing UK and ALPSP (Association of Learned and Professional Society Publisher - full membership). Presented in the Master List of Thomson ISI.
2008
Volume 11
Issue 2
Topic:
Horticulture
ELECTRONIC
JOURNAL OF
POLISH
AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITIES
Rosa R. , Jabłońska-Ceglarek R. 2008. THE CONSECUTIVE EFFECT OF USING GREEN MANURE FORECROPS AND MANURE IN ‘BLIZZARD’ LEEK (Allium ampeloprasum ssp. porrum) CULTIVATION, EJPAU 11(2), #22.
Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume11/issue2/art-22.html

THE CONSECUTIVE EFFECT OF USING GREEN MANURE FORECROPS AND MANURE IN ‘BLIZZARD’ LEEK (ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM SSP. PORRUM) CULTIVATION

Robert Rosa, Romualda Jabłońska-Ceglarek
Department of Vegetable Crops, Podlasie University in Siedlce, Poland

 

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted in the years 2003-2005. It studied the consecutive effect of green manure forecrops and the growth of ‘Blizzard’ leek. Leek was cultivated in the second year after organic fertilization. Sugar maize cultivated directly after ploughing in organic fertilizers was the forecrop for leek. The plants intended for green manure were sown during the first 10 days of April , and they were ploughed in during the first 10 days of June in the years 2002-2004. The following were used as green manures under sugar maize: oats, field pea and spring vetch as well as a mixture of these plants ploughed in as a whole or as aftercrop residue. Manure was introduced into the soil in the dose of 25 t ha-1. Greater yields were obtained after ploughing in the whole biomass of the forecrops than in case of aftercrop residue. The greatest consecutive production effect, measured with the increase of the commercial yield of leek in comparison to the cultivation without organic fertilization, was characteristic of green manures in the form of whole plants of field pea and spring vetch as well as mixtures of oats with spring vetch. The commercial yield of leek obtained after them was also significantly higher than after manure. The other green manures had the yield-forming consecutive effect similar to manure. The ploughed in aftercrop residue of the forecrops were characterized by a similar consecutive production effect to that of manure. The leeks cultivated after the mixture of oats with field pea ploughed in under maize were characterized by the white part of greater weight than those cultivated after green manures of oats and a mixture of oats with field pea, and of greater weight than those cultivated in the control object without any organic fertilization.

Key words: organic fertilization, green manures, forecrops, manure, leek, yield.

INTRODUCTION

Organic fertilization should be a constant element of increasing the soil fertility. System changes in agriculture led to the shortage of the basic natural fertilizer which is manure.

Mazur and Ciećko [17] report that in the last twenty years of the 20th c. the quantity of the applied manure decreased from 8.2 t·ha-1 to 5.6 t·ha-1. In the conditions of a decreasing demand for it, an alternative source of the organic matter supplied in the soil can be catch-crops cultivated to be ploughed in. The basic reason to use green manures should also be the care about the natural environment. Green manures should be treated as an integral element of agricultural treatments which not only increases the fertility of the soil but also protects it from agricultural contamination. The plants cultivated in catch-crops limit the soil erosion and washing off the mineral elements to the ground waters [5,6,22]. Martinez and Guiraud [16] found out that the cultivation of catch-crops reduced washing off nitrogen by more than 60%. Green manures also affect the intensity of biodegradation of pesticides and reduce the plants’ uptake of heavy metals from the soil [19,27,28]. Many of the species cultivated for green manure play a phytosanitary role limiting the occurrence of diseases on plants cultivated after ploughing them in [7]. The use of green manures also makes it possible to limit the costs of production [1,11]. The effectiveness of green manures largely depends on the weight of the ploughed in plants, the rate of their mineralization as well as on the weather conditions [3,4]. Results of studies of many authors [2,3,8,9,12,13,24] point to a very positive effect of green manures on the yielding of consecutive plants.

The purpose of the present paper was to find out the consecutive effect of green manures sown and ploughed in spring on the yielding and certain biometric properties of ‘Bizzard’ leek.

METHODS

The studies were conducted in the conditions of south-eastern Poland in the years 2003-2005. The experiment was set up on the soil included in the grey brown podzolic soils of medium humus content of 1.5%, of the humus layer reaching the depth of 30-40 cm, acid reaction – pH in H2 5.6. According to the international system of soil classification FAO, the soil was classified into Luvisols group (LV) [26]. The experiment was established in a split-block scheme in four repetitions. It studied the consecutive effect of green manures in the form of forecrop plants on the yielding of ‘Blizzard’ leek. The following were cultivated in the years 2002-2004 for green manure: oats (Avena sativa) (the sowing norm of seeds 240 kg·ha-1), field pea (Pisum arvense) (160 kg.ha-1), spring vetch (Vicia sativa) (140 kg·ha-1), and the mixtures – oats with field pea (100 kg·ha-1 + 130 kg·ha-1), oats with spring vetch (80 kg·ha-1+ 100 kg·ha-1), field pea with spring vetch (70 kg·ha-1 + 50 kg·ha-1), oats with field pea and spring vetch (100 kg·ha-1+ 70 kg·ha-1+ 50 kg·ha-1). The area of the plot for harvest was 16 m2.

Before sowing the plants intended for green manure, mineral fertilization was applied in the quantities: 30 kg N·ha-1 for field pea and spring vetch in pure sowing, 90 kg N·ha-1 for oats in pure sowing, 30 kg N·ha-1 for a mixture of field pea with spring vetch, 60 kg N·ha-1 for a mixture of oats with field pea and oats with spring vetch, 40 kg N.ha-1 for a mixture of oats with field pea and spring vetch. Phosphorus and potassium fertilization for all combinations was 80 kg P2O5·ha-1 and 160 kg K2O·ha-1.

Plants for green manure were sown during the first 10 days of April, and they were ploughed in at the turn of May and June. Two forms of using them as green manure were applied – the whole plant biomass and after crop residue. Directly before ploughing them in, samples were taken from the area of 1 m2 with the aim of determining the weight of the aboveground part of the plants and the weight of aftercrop residue, which would be the roots together with a 5-cm-deep layer of the stubble. Chemical analyses were also conducted in order to establish the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

The consecutive yield-forming effect of green manures was compared to the effect of manure in the dose of 25 t·ha-1 and the control object without organic fertilization.

Leek was cultivated in the second year after ploughing in the organic fertilizers. The forecrop was sugar maize. Leek seedlings were produced in an unheated glasshouse. The seeds were sown into boxed in the middle of March, and the seedlings were planted onto a permanent place in the first half of June at the spacing of 40 cm × 20 cm. Three weeks before planting the seedlings, mineral fertilization was applied in all combinations of organic fertilization in the quantities of 140 kg N, 140 kg P2O5, 215 kg K2O per 1 hectare (ammonium saltpeter, triple granulated superphosphate, potassium salt 60%). The treatments were according to the generally accepted rules of the agricultural treatment of leek. The harvest took place at the turn of October and November. Then the total yield and the commercial yield (t·ha-1), the mean weight (g), length (cm) and diameter (cm) of the leek white part were determined as well as the length of the stem (cm).

Table 1. Mean air temperatures (°C) and sums of precipitation (mm) in the period of vegetation of leek according to the Meteorological Station at Zawady

Years

Air temeprature

Rainfalls

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

VI

VII

VIII

IX

X

2003

18.4

20.0

18.5

13.5

5.4

26.6

26.1

4.7

24.3

38.0

2004

15.4

17.5

18.9

13.0

9.4

52.8

49.0

66.7

19.5

29.5

2005

15.9

20.2

17.5

15.0

8.5

44.1

86.5

45.4

15.8

0.0

Means of many years
1951-1990

16.2

17.6

16.9

12.7

8.0

69.3

70.6

59.8

48.2

32.0

The results were statistically analyzed using variance analysis. The significance of mean differences was determined by means of Tukey’s test at the level of significance at p = 0.05. Table 1 presents the mean air temperatures and the sums of atmospheric falls in the period of leek vegetation in the years 2003-2005.

RESULTS

Green manures used in the experiment in the form of whole plants of oats in pure sowing and in the from of mixtures with it introduced more organic matter (from 20.6 t·ha-1 to 23.6 t·ha-1) into the soil than spring vetch and field pea in pure sowing and in a mixture (from 12.9 t·ha-1 to 16.45 t·ha-1) (Table 2). The greatest amount of aftercrop residue was left by the following mixtures: oats with field pea, vetch with oats and field pea, and oats in pure sowing. The quantity of the dry matter introduced into the soil is an important criterion making it possible to estimate and compare the fertilizing quality of organic fertilizers. 6.40 t·ha-1 of dry matter was introduced with manure in the dose of 25 t·ha-1. Within the group of green manures, the greatest amount of dry matter was produced by whole oats plants. Totally, the most mineral elements were ploughed in with the whole biomass of the following mixtures: vetch with oats and vetch with oats and field pea (respectively, 246.1 kg NPKCaMg and 244.2 kg NPKCaMg per 1 ha). As far as the aftercrop residue is concerned, the most mineral elements were found in the mixture of vetch with oats and field pea and the mixture of oats with field pea (respectively, 60.7 NPKCaMg and 56.1 kg NPKCaMg were ploughed in with them). 360 kg NPKCaMg was introduced with manure per 1 hectar of the soil. It should be emphasized that within the group of the ploughed in organic fertilizers, only manure was the source of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Field pea and spring vetch cultivated for ploughing in were the source of nitrogen. The other nutrients were taken from the soil and – after ploughing in – returned to it by the Fabaceae, and in case of oats it also refers to nitrogen. Therefore, their positive effect consisted in temporal immobilization and protection of mineral elements from being washed away inside the soil when no cultivation was carried out on it.

Table 2. Quantity of ploughed in biomass (t ha-1) and mineral elements (kg·ha-1) with organic fertilizers (mean values from the years 2002-2004

Kind of organic fertilizer

Fresh mass

Dry mass

N

P

K

Ca

Mg

Manure

25.0

6.4

115.7

34.1

124.2

59.0

27.0

Whole biomass

Oats

22.9

4.5

88.9

17.9

102.4

15.5

8.4

Field pea

12.9

2.1

67.2

7.7

53.6

18.9

4.0

Spring vetch

16.5

2.4

78.7

8.1

47.3

21.8

3.8

Oats + Field pea

20.6

3.8

94.1

13.6

83.1

25.7

6.4

Oats + Vetch

23.6

4.0

104.8

16.0

92.2

26.5

6.6

Field pea + Vetch

15.2

2.3

73.9

7.4

46.9

17.6

4.9

Oats + Field pea + Vetch

21.9

3.9

105.7

14.1

86.8

29.5

8.1

LSD0.05

8.1

1.3

33.6

4.6

32.1

10.0

2.3

Aftercrop residue

Oats

5.8

1.4

15.2

3.2

22.3

3.3

1.9

Field pea

1.8

0.3

8.0

0.9

7.5

3.2

0.6

Spring vetch

3.2

0.5

12.1

1.2

9.3

4.0

0.5

Oats + Field pea

6.1

1.2

22.5

2.7

20.4

8.6

1.9

Oats + Vetch

5.3

1.0

18.3

2.7

21.2

6.3

1.7

Field pea + Vetch

3.0

0.5

12.5

1.2

8.7

4.2

1.1

Oats + Field pea + Vetch

6.0

1.2

24.7

3.0

22.5

8.5

2.0

LSD0.05

2.3

0.4

7.9

1.0

8.6

3.5

0.7

The mean total yield of ‘Blizzard’ leek was 23.6 t·ha-1 (Table 3). It was modified by the weather conditions in particular years of studies. It was significantly the highest in 2005 (27.7 t·ha-1), and significantly the lowest in 2003 (18.5 t·ha-1).

Table 3. Total yield of ‘Blizzard’ leek cultivated in the second year after organic fertilization (t·ha-1)

Differentiating factors

Form of ploughing in green manure

Mean

Whole biomass

Aftercrop residue

Years

2003

19.8

17.1

18.5

2004

26.4

22.9

24.7

2005

29.9

25.4

27.7

Mean

25.4

21.8

23.6

Kind of organic fertilization

Control

20.8

Manure

23.5

Oats

25.6

20.7

23.2

Field pea

26.7

21.5

24.1

Spring vetch

28.1

22.4

25.3

Oats + Field pea

25.1

21.3

23.2

Oats + Spring vetch

29.5

21.8

25.6

Field pea + Spring vetch

24.7

21.9

23.3

Oats + Field pea + Spring vetch

24.7

22.3

23.5

LSD0.05 for:
years = 1.5; form of ploughing in green manure = 1.0; kind of fertilization = 4.5; form of ploughing in green manure × kind of organic fertilization = 4.4

Introducing the whole biomass of green manure into the soil had a more positive effect on the yielding. The mean total yield of leek in the second year after ploughing in the whole forecrop plants was by 3.6 t·ha-1 higher than that which was obtained after introducing only the aftercrop residue into the soil.

All organic fertilizers used in the present experiment caused as a consecutive effect an increase of the leek yields as compared to the control object without organic fertilization. However, a significant increase of the total yield was observed only in control objects with green manure ploughed in under sugar maize in the form of a mixture of oats with spring vetch.

The consecutive yield-forming effect of green manures depended on the form of ploughing in. Green manures in the forms of whole plants of oats, field pea, spring vetch and a mixture of oats with vetch significantly affected the increase of the total yield of leek as compared to the control object without organic fertilization. Leek cultivated in the second year after ploughing in spring vetch and its mixture with oats gave a significantly greater total yield as compared to leek cultivated after manure. Green manures ploughed in the form of afercrop residue under sugar maize were characterized in their consecutive effect by the yield-forming effect similar to that of manure.

The mean commercial yield of ‘Blizzard’ leek was 21.8 t·ha-1 (Table 4). The highest yield (25.2 t·ha-1) was obtained in 2005, while the lowest (17.4 t·ha-1) in 2003. The differences were significant.

Table 4. Production effects of ploughed in organic fertilizers in the cultivation of ‘Blizzard’ leek (t·ha-1)

Differentiating factors

Form of ploughing in green manure

Mean

Whole biomass

Aftercrop residue

Years

Mean commercial yield

2003

18.6

16.1

17.4

2004

24.4

21.2

22.8

2005

27.0

23.4

25.2

Mean

23.4

20.2

21.8

Kind of organic fertilization

increase (+) or decrease (-) of commercial yield after ploughing in manure and green manures

Control

17.8

Manure

+ 3.0

Oats

+ 5.7

+ 2.1

+ 3.9

Field pea

+ 8.1

+ 2.5

+ 5.3

Spring vetch

+ 8.4

+ 3.0

+ 5.7

Oats + Field pea

+ 5.3

+ 2.5

+ 3.9

Oats + Spring vetch

+ 7.8

+ 2.7

+ 5.3

Field pea + Spring vetch

+ 5.9

+ 3.2

+ 4.5

Oats + Field pea + Spring vetch

+ 5.6

+ 2.9

+ 4.3

LSD0.05 for:
years = 1.3; form of ploughing in green manure = 0.9; kind of fertilization = 4.1; form of ploughing in green manure × kind of organic fertilization = 4.4

Like in the case of the total yield, the commercial yield of leek was related to the manner of using the green manure (the whole plant biomass and aftercrop residue) and the kind of organic fertilization applied under sugar maize. A significantly bigger commercial yield was observed after ploughing in the whole plant biomass of forecrop plants as compared to ploughing in after aftercrop residue. The difference was 3.2 t·ha-1.

The consecutive production effect of green manures in the form of field pea, spring vetch and the mixtures of oats with vetch, field pea with vetch, oats with field pea and vetch measured by the increase of the commercial yield of leek as compared to the cultivation without organic fertilization ranged from 4.3 t·ha-1 to 5.7 t·ha-1. The studies found out no significant differences in the size of the commercial yield of leek cultivated in the second year after green manures and manure.

All forecrops ploughed in as a whole caused a significant consecutive increase of the commercial yield of leek as compared to the control which was not organically fertilized. That increase ranged from 5.3 t·ha-1 to 8.4 t·ha-1. Green manures in the form of field pea and vetch in pure sowing and a mixture of oats with vetch were characterized by a significantly better consecutive yield-forming effect than manure ploughed in the dose of 25 t·ha-1. The commercial yield obtained after those fertilizers was higher than that obtained after manure, the difference ranging from 4.8 t·ha-1 to 5.4 t·ha-1. The commercial yield of leek cultivated in the second year after ploughing in manure and aftercrop residue of forecrops and without organic fertilization did not differ significantly. The mass, the length and the diameter of the white part as well as the length of the leek stem were significantly modified by the weather conditions in particular years of studies (Table 5). The biggest white part (on average, 102.1 g of the mass, 10.0 cm of the length and 3.8 cm of the diameter) and the longest stem (21.3 cm) were produced by leek in 2005, whereas in 2003 and 2004 leek produced a significantly smaller white part and a shorter stem.

Table 5. Consecutive effect of organic fertilization on selected biometric properties of ‘Blizzard’ leek

Differentiating factors

White part

Stem length, cm

mass, g

length, cm

diameter, cm

Years

2003

62.2

8.3

3.3

17.2

2004

74.2

7.8

3.4

18.0

2005

102.1

10.0

3.8

21.3

NIR 0.05

17.5

0.7

0.2

1.0

Form of ploughing in green manure

Whole biomass

85.3

8.8

3.6

19.1

Aftercrop residue

73.7

8.6

3.3

18.5

LSC0.05

11.4

n.i.

0.2

n.i.

Kind of rogatnic fertilization

Control

69.8

8.0

3.4

17.8

Manure

81.7

9.0

3.6

18.8

Oats

74.2

9.1

3.4

18.8

Field pea

84.0

9.1

3.6

19.1

Spring vetch

77.5

8.6

3.5

19.3

Oats + Field pea

69.5

8.2

3.4

18.2

Oats + Spring vetch

93.2

9.2

3.4

19.7

Field pea + Spring vetch

80.1

8.3

3.5

19.2

Oats + Field pea + Spring vetch

85.1

8.8

3.4

18.8

LSD0.05

15.9

1.2

n.s.

n.s.

Mean

79.5

8.7

3.5

18.9

The whole biomass of forecrops introduced into the soil caused as a consecutive effect a significant increase of the mass and diameter of the leek white part as compared to the ploughed in aftercrop residue. The form of ploughing in the green manures did not, on the other hand, have any significant effect on the length of the white part and the stem of leek.

A significant effect on the mass and length of the leek white part was exerted by the kind of the applied organic fertilization. Leek cultivated in the second year after ploughed in green manure in the form of a mixture of oats with vetch was characterized by a significantly greater mass of the white part (93.2 g) than that cultivated after green manures of oats (74.2 g), the mixture of oats with field pea (69.5 g) and the control without organic fertilization (69.8 g). In the second year after ploughing in the mixture of oats with vetch, leek had the white part longer by 1.2 cm than leek cultivated in the control which, was not organically fertilized, the difference being significant. The kind of the organic fertilization applied under sugar maize did not have any significant consecutive effect on the diameter of the white part or the length of the leek stem.

DISCUSSION

The present studies confirmed a positive consecutive effect of forecrop green manures on the yielding of leek and the size of the white part and the stem produced by it. The greatest productive consecutive effect was characteristic of green manures in the form of the whole plants of field pea and spring vetch as well as the mixture of oats with spring vetch. The other green manures had a similar consecutive yield-forming effect to that of manure in the dose of 25 t·ha-1. In their consecutive effect, all kinds of organic fertilizers used in the experiment significantly affected the increase of the leek yields as compared to the control object without organic fertilization used under sugar maize. Earlier studies by Jabłońska-Ceglarek and Rosa [12] found out that the most productive forecrop green manures in onion cultivation were field pea in pure sowing and its mixture with oats. Onion was cultivated in the second year after ploughing in green manures. As reported by Borna [2], the yield-forming effect of forecrop green manures in the second year after ploughing in depends on the species of the vegetable cultivated after them. The author observed that onion cultivated after forecrops yielded worse than that cultivated after manure. Forecrop green manures from phacelia and a mixture of oats with barley, on the other hand, caused a significant increase of the yields of red beet and carrot as compared to manure. Franczuk [8] found out that the yield of onion cultivated after ploughing in the catchcrop of phacelia exceeded, and that of winter rye matched the yield obtained after manure in the dose of 60 t·ha-1. Jabłońska-Ceglarek and Wadas [13] found out in the cultivation of onion a better consecutive yield-forming effect of rye and hairy vetch in the second year after ploughing as compared to manure in the dose of 25 t·ha-1. Zaniewicz-Bajkowska [28] obtained a similar yield of red beet after catchcrops of phacelia, rye, faba bean and hairy vetch to that of after manure in the dose of 60 t·ha-1. The studies by Franczuk et al [10], Sharma et al [21] and Wadas [24] also point to a high productivity of green manures in the second year after they are introduced into the soil.

The present experiment analyzed the yield-forming value of aftercrop residue of forecrops. They introduced less organic matter and mineral elements into the soil than the whole biomass of forecrops and manure. It was found out that the consecutive yield-forming effect of aftercrop residue was significantly smaller than that of the whole ploughed in plant mass of forecrops, but it was close to manure in the dose of 25 t·ha-1. A number of authors, for example Franczuk [9], Malicki [15], Szczepaniak et al. [23], draw attention to the necessity of rational management of aftercrop residue of cultivated plants as one of the ways of preventing the decreasing quality of the soil fertility caused by a reduced use of natural and organic fertilizers. Mazur et al. [18] point to a very good fertilizer value of aftercrop reside and regrowth after the harvest. Jabłońska-Ceglarek and Wadas [13] as well as Jabłońska-Ceglarek and Zaniewicz [14] observed similar yields of vegetables after ploughing in the green manure in the form of aftercrop residue of catchcrops and manure. According to Novoselova and Frame [20], plant aftercrop residue, especially that of the Fabaceae, constitute an equivalent of 40-60 tons of manure. Some studies found out a similar yield-forming effect of aftercrop residue and the whole mass of catchcrops. Wadaw [25] found out that the yields of cabbage, onion and early potato were similar after ploughing in the aftercrop residue and the whole mass of catchcrops. A similar yield of onion in the second year after ploughing in the aftercrop residue and the whole plant mass of catchcrops was also obtained by Jabłońska-Ceglarek and Wadas [13].

CONCLUSIONS

  1. The yields of ‘Blizzard’ leek, its mass and the diameter of the white part as well as the stem were modified by weather conditions in particular years of studies. The year 2005 proved to be the best for the growth of leek.

  2. The consecutive yield-forming effect of forecrops ploughed in as a whole was significantly higher than that after aftercrop residue. Leek cultivated in the second year after ploughing in the whole mass of forecrop plants was characterized by a higher total and commercial yields as well as by a bigger mass and diameter of the leek white part than after ploughing in only the aftercrop resicue.

  3. Forecrop green manures in the second year after ploughing in were characterized by a similar or better yield-forming effect than manure.

  4. The best consecutive production effect, measured in the increase of the commercial yield of leek as compared to the cultivation without organic fertilization, was characteristic of green manures in the form of whole plants of the mixture of oats with vetch and of field pea and spring vetch in pure sowing. The commercial yield of leek after those green manures was also significantly higher than that obtained after manure.

  5. The yield-forming effect of aftercrop residue of forecrop plants cultivated after ploughing in was similar to that of manure.

  6. Leek gathered from the objects with ploughed in mixture of oats with field pea under sugar maize was characterized by the white part of a greater mass than the leek cultivated after green manures of oats and a mixture of oats with field pea and of a greater mass and length those that cultivated in the control object without organic fertilization.


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Accepted for print: 15.04.2008


Robert Rosa
Department of Vegetable Crops,
Podlasie University in Siedlce, Poland
14 B. Prusa Street, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
Phone: (+48 25) 643 12 76
email: robro@ap.siedlce.pl

Romualda Jabłońska-Ceglarek
Department of Vegetable Crops,
Podlasie University in Siedlce, Poland
14 B. Prusa Street, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
Phone: (+48 25) 643 12 76
email: rjablon@ap.siedlce.pl

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