Volume 11
Issue 2
Biology
JOURNAL OF
POLISH
AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITIES
Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume11/issue2/art-04.html
POPULATION VARIABILITY OF BECKMANNIA ERUCIFORMIS (POACEAE) IN CENTRAL EASTERN POLAND
Marek T. Ciosek1, Janusz Krechowski2, Katarzyna Piórek2, Lidia Borkowska2, Agata Błazik2
1 Department of Botany, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, Poland
2 Department of Botany, Institute of Biology,
University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland
The population variability of Beckmannia eruciformis was investigated on the basis of measurements of 10 biometric features: total height of grass, height of culm, height of leafless culm, length of inflorescence, number of 1st rank ramifications in inflorescence, length of the lowest ramification in inflorescence, length of top spikelet, number of leaves, length of the largest leaf, width of the largest leaf. Studies were carried out in 2006 at five localities situated in central eastern Poland – Bagno Pulwy, Grębków, Siedlce, Zabuże and Bereza. The maximum, minimum, arithmetic mean and range were calculated for each feature. Populations of Beckmannia eruciformis differed significantly in all of the investigated features (Tukey’s test, significance level 0.95). Specimens occurring in natural, well supplied with water habitats in localities Zabuże and Bereza were characterized by the highest mean values of morphological features. A water supply during whole vegetation period is probably the main factor affecting studied morphological differences and condition of specimens. The only exception was the longest top spikelet calculated for the population in Siedlce.
Key words: Beckmannia eruciformis, Poaceae, population variability, central-eastern Poland.
INTRODUCTION
Sloughgrass Beckmannia eruciformis (L.) Host is a rare in Poland species of Poaceae family belonging to the group of hemiagriophytes. The grass was found mainly in north-eastern part of Poland. For the first time the species was recorded in Poland in the 1st part of XIX century [2]. The grass was cultivated before the Second World War and has no significance in farming nowadays. Distribution of Beckmannia eruciformis in Poland was described by Frey & Paszko [4], the detailed data on its localities in central-eastern Poland, together with their phytosociological characterization by Ciosek [1]. During phytosociological investigations a considerable differences of individual features among investigated stations were noticed.
The aim of the paper was to examine preliminarily population variability of Beckmannia eruciformis at selected stations in central-eastern Poland.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Field studies were carried out during flowering period of Beckmannia eruciformis in July 2006. The sample of 500 randomly selected generative shoots, 100 of each of the 5 following stations (Fig. 1) were investigated:
Bagno Pulwy – shaded, hay-growing meadow in swamp complex, in the vicinity overgrown hollows after peat exploitation, periodically bad humidity conditions.
Grębków – in a complex of hay-growing meadows, along a drainage ditch, variable humidity conditions.
Siedlce – wet meadow near to a fishpond complex, intense insolation, variable humidity conditions.
Zabuże – wet lowering among meadows, intense insolation, good humidity conditions.
Bereza – overgrowing meadow among forest, shaded and wet locality, good humidity conditions.
| Fig. 1. Distribution of the studied stations of Beckmannia eruciformis.1 – Bagno Pulwy, 2 – Grębków, 3 – Siedlce, 4 – Zabuże, 5 – Bereza |
 |
Fig. 2. Studied biometric features of Beckmannia eruciformis. 1 – total height of grass, 2 – height of culm, 3 – height of leafless culm, 4 – length of inflorescence, 5 – number of 1st rank ramifications in inflorescence, 6 – length of the lowest ramification in inflorescence, 7 – length of top spikelet, 8 – number of leaves, 9 – length of the largest leaf, 10 – width of the largest leaf |
 |
The following features were measured (Fig. 2): total height of grass, height of culm, height of leafless culm, length of inflorescence, number of 1st rank inflorescence ramifications, length of the lowest inflorescence ramification, length of a top spikelet, number of leaves, length of the largest leaf, width of the largest leaf. The maximum, minimum, arithmetic mean and range of the feature value were calculated. The obtained parametric data were elaborated statistically on the basis of univariate analysis of variance. A significance of differences between mean values of features was calculated using Tukey’s a posteriori test (T test) at significance level 0.95.
RESULTS
Total height of grass
Variation analysis indicated the significant differences in the heights of plant between studied localities. Individuals of Beckmania eruciformis reach the maximum average height at stations in Bereza and Zabuże (106.4 and 106.5 cm respectively) and minimum average height in Siedlce (93.3 cm) (Table 1). Absolute maximum of feature was noted in the area of population in Bereza (142.0 cm). The largest feature range (63.8 cm) was observed at station in Bereza, the least one at Bagno Pulwy (47.2 cm) (Fig. 2). Mean length of specimens in Bereza and Zabuże were significantly larger than the others. Average height of individuals in Siedlce, Bagno Pulwy and Grębków did not differ significantly (Table 11).
| Table 1. Total height of grass in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
78.2 |
66.2 |
74.5 |
67.2 |
78.8 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
142.0 |
118.5 |
121.7 |
120.5 |
129.3 |
|
Range (cm) |
63.8 |
52.3 |
47.2 |
53.3 |
50.5 |
|
|
106.4 |
93.3 |
98.0 |
94.2 |
106.6 |
(cm)Height of culm
The significant differences in heights of culm between particular localities were revealed statistically. The highest average value of the feature was observed in Zabuże and Bereza (68.6 and 68.3 cm respectively), the lowest one in Siedlce (54.2 cm) (Table 2). Individuals growing in Bagno Pulwy and Grębków were distinguishable by longer culms, comparing with population in Siedlce (Table 11). Above mentioned differences are significant statistically. The larger range of feature was observed in Bereza (51.4 cm), the least one in Bagno Pulwy (35.9 cm).
| Table 2. Height of culm in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
45.10 |
33.80 |
49.00 |
40.30 |
46.30 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
96.50 |
77.60 |
84.90 |
80.30 |
89.00 |
|
Range (cm) |
51.40 |
43.80 |
35.90 |
40.00 |
42.70 |
|
|
68.32 |
54.21 |
62.59 |
59.21 |
68.62 |
Height of leafless culm
Variation analysis indicated the significant differences in heights of leafless culm between studied localities. The largest value of the feature was noted in Siedlce (39.1 cm), slightly lower in Bereza and Zabuże (38.1 and 37.9 cm respectively) (Table 3). These values were significantly higher than the other ones (Bagno Pulwy and Grębków). Specimens occurring in Grębków were characterised by the lowest average height of leafless culm (35.0 cm). Difference between value of the feature at station in Grębków and Bagno (35.4 cm) were not significant statistically (Table 11). The largest range of the feature value was observed in Bagno Pulwy (42.8 cm) and Grębków (40.4 cm), the least one in Zabuże (19.1 cm) and Bereza (20.0 cm).
| Table 3. Height of leafless culm in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
28.20 |
19.50 |
20.50 |
16.60 |
29.00 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
48.20 |
50.40 |
63.30 |
57.00 |
48.10 |
|
Range (cm) |
20.00 |
30.90 |
42.80 |
40.40 |
19.10 |
|
|
38.09 |
39.12 |
35.37 |
35.02 |
37.88 |
Length of inflorescence
Statistic analysis indicated the significant differences in the length of inflorescence between studied localities. Statistic analysis indicated the significant differences between length of inflorescence at various localities. The maximum value of the feature at 4 investigated stations fluctuated around 30 cm (absolute maximum in Zabuże – 31.1 cm) (Table 4). The largest average value of the feature were noted in Zabuże and Bereza (on average 21.7 cm). Slightly lower, but not different significantly values were obtained in Siedlce and Grębków. The shortest inflorescents (on average 19.3 cm) were recorded from Bagno Pulwy (a significant difference comparing with the populations in Zabuże and Bereza) (Table 11). The largest variability of inflorescence length (23.6 cm) was observed at population in Bagno Pulwy (from 7.4 to 31 cm), the least one in Bereza (range 13.9 cm).
| Table 4. Length of inflorescence in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
16.20 |
12.30 |
7.40 |
14.10 |
16.10 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
30.10 |
28.20 |
31.00 |
30.00 |
31.10 |
|
Range (cm) |
13.90 |
15.90 |
23.60 |
15.90 |
15.00 |
|
|
21.70 |
20.57 |
19.25 |
20.36 |
21.72 |
Number of 1st rank inflorescence ramifications
Variation analysis revealed significant differences in the number of 1st rank inflorescence ramifications between studied localities. The maximum number of 1st rank inflorescence ramifications was noted in population in Grębków (38) (Table 5). However the higher average value of the feature were characteristic for specimens from station in Bereza (24.9) and Zabuże (24.2). Mean number of inflorescence ramifications in population in Grębków and Siedlce is lower. The least number of 1st rank ramifications, on average 18.6, was observed in Bagno Pulwy (the difference is significant statistically) (Table 11). The largest range of the feature was noted for individuals in Grębków (15–38) and Siedlce (10–32).
| Table 5. Number of 1st rank inflorescence ramifications in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum |
16 |
10 |
11 |
15 |
16 |
|
Maximum |
34 |
32 |
27 |
38 |
33 |
|
Range |
18 |
22 |
16 |
23 |
17 |
|
|
24.89 |
21.91 |
18.64 |
23.10 |
24.23 |
Length of the lowest inflorescence ramification
Statistic analysis showed significant differences in the length of the lowest inflorescence ramification between studied localities. On average the greatest lowest inflorescence ramification had individuals occurring in population in Zabuże (on average 4.2 cm) and Bereza (on average 4.1 cm) (Table 6). The lowest average feature value (2.9 cm) was obtained for Bagno Pulwy. That value significantly differs from the others (Table 11). The largest value of feature range is characteristic for Bagno Pulwy (5.8 cm) and Grębków (5.4 cm). Absolute maximum of the feature (7.2 cm) was noted in Grębków.
| Table 6. Length of the lowest inflorescence ramification in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
2.00 |
1.80 |
0.90 |
1.80 |
2.60 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
6.50 |
5.80 |
6.70 |
7.20 |
6.30 |
|
Range (cm) |
4.50 |
4.00 |
5.80 |
5.40 |
3.70 |
|
|
4.06 |
3.89 |
2.90 |
3.88 |
4.21 |
Length of a top spikelet
Variation analysis showed significant differences in the length of the top spikelet between studied localities. Length of a top spikelet demonstrates a little variability (Table 7). The highest average value of the feature was calculated for station in Siedlce (on average 1.7 cm). That value is significantly greater that the other ones. The smallest average value of the feature (1.4 cm) is characteristic for Bagno Pulwy, that significantly differ from individuals in Siedlce, Bereza and Zabuże (Table 11). The largest range of feature (1.8 cm) was observed in Siedlce.
| Table 7. Length of a top spikelet in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
1.10 |
1.00 |
0.90 |
1.00 |
1.10 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
2.50 |
2.80 |
2.30 |
2.50 |
2.40 |
|
Range (cm) |
1.40 |
1.80 |
1.40 |
1.50 |
1.30 |
|
|
1.51 |
1.70 |
1.38 |
1.48 |
1.55 |
Number of leaves
Variation analysis showed significant differences in the number of leaves between studied localities. Specimens of Beckmannia eruciformis usually had 4-5 leaves during flowering period (Table 8). Individuals in Zabuże, Bagno Pulwy and Bereza had the greatest average number of leaf blades (over 4.5). Specimens occurring in Siedlce and Grębków differed statistically. They had a significantly smaller average number of leaf blades (around 4). No statistic differences between them were noticed (Table 11). The number of leaves varied from 3 to 6 leaves, depending on the station.
| Table 8. Number of leaves in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum |
4 |
3 |
4 |
3 |
4 |
|
Maximum |
6 |
5 |
6 |
5 |
6 |
|
Range |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
|
|
4.55 |
4.16 |
4.67 |
4.04 |
4.68 |
Length of the largest leaf
Significant differences in the length of the largest leaf between studied localities were noticed. Individuals collected in Bereza and Zabuże were characterised by the higher average value of the feature (27.7 and 27.6 cm respectively) (Table 9). These results are significantly different in comparison with data from populations in Siedlce and Grębków. The shortest leaves, on average 22.3 cm, were observed in Bagno Pulwy (difference significant statistically) (Table 11). The greatest range of feature is observed among specimens at Bagno Pulwy (ranging from 13.8 to 35.1 cm), the lowest in Zabuże (ranging from 23.8 to 31.8 cm). The maximum value of feature (35.1 cm) was recorded in station at Bagno Pulwy.
| Table 9. Length of the largest leaf in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
23.20 |
18.50 |
13.80 |
13.50 |
23.80 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
32.50 |
30.10 |
35.10 |
31.20 |
31.80 |
|
Range (cm) |
9.30 |
11.60 |
21.30 |
17.70 |
8.00 |
|
|
27.72 |
25.52 |
22.30 |
25.12 |
27.60 |
Width of the largest leaf
Statistic analysis showed significant differences in the width of the largest leaf between studied localities. The average value of the feature at particular stations differs from 1.32 to 1.42 cm (Table 10). The widest leaves were observed in population in Zabuże, whereas leaf blades of specimens in Bereza, Bagno Pulwy and Grębków were slightly narrower (the difference is not significant statistically). The narrowest leaves were characteristic for population in Siedlce (significant difference comparing with specimens from Zabuże) (Table 11). The maximum value of the feature was 1.8 cm, the minimum 0.7 cm. The largest range of feature was noted at station in Bagno Pulwy (from 0.7 to 2.1 cm).
| Table 10. Width of the largest leaf in studied Beckmannia eruciformis populations |
|
Value of feature |
Locality |
||||
|
Bereza |
Siedlce |
Bagno Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Minimum (cm) |
1.00 |
0.70 |
0.70 |
1.10 |
1.00 |
|
Maximum (cm) |
1.80 |
1.70 |
2.10 |
1.80 |
1.80 |
|
Range (cm) |
0.80 |
1.00 |
1.40 |
0.70 |
0.80 |
|
|
1.40 |
1.32 |
1.39 |
1.37 |
1.42 |
| Table 11. Statistic analysis (Tukey’s test) of the selected morphological features of Beckmannia eruciformis |
|
Tukey’s HSD test; probability for tests post-hoc |
||||||
|
Variable: total height of grass. Error: MS intergroup = 183.47; |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.000017 |
0.000115 |
0.000017 |
0.999999 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.000017 |
0.110299 |
0.990202 |
0.000017 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.000115 |
0.110299 |
0.290476 |
0.000095 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.000017 |
0.990202 |
0.290476 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.999999 |
0.000017 |
0.000095 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Variable: height of culm. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.000017 |
0.000687 |
0.000017 |
0.999537 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
0.004786 |
0.000017 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.000687 |
0.000017 |
0.129096 |
0.000286 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.000017 |
0.004786 |
0.129096 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.999537 |
0.000017 |
0.000286 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Variable: height of leafless culm. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.769683 |
0.016970 |
0.004412 |
0.999272 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.769683 |
0.000210 |
0.000047 |
0.622622 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.016970 |
0.000210 |
0.994736 |
0.035128 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.004412 |
0.000047 |
0.994736 |
0.010143 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.999272 |
0.622622 |
0.035128 |
0.010143 |
||
|
Variable: length of inflorescence. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.206198 |
0.000054 |
0.087278 |
0.999999 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.206198 |
0.094983 |
0.995473 |
0.190287 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.000054 |
0.094893 |
0.220534 |
0.000048 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.087278 |
0.995473 |
0.220534 |
0.079021 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.999999 |
0.190287 |
0.000048 |
0.079021 |
||
|
Variable: number of 1st rank inflorescence ramifications. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.000027 |
0.000017 |
0.028150 |
0.817085 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.000027 |
0.000018 |
0.292566 |
0.001396 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.000017 |
0.000018 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.028150 |
0.292566 |
0.000017 |
0.345563 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.817085 |
0.001396 |
0.000017 |
0.345563 |
||
|
Variable: length of the lowest inflorescence ramification. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.828376 |
0.000017 |
0.815955 |
0.888841 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.828376 |
0.000017 |
1.000000 |
0.276532 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.815955 |
1.000000 |
0.000017 |
0.264367 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.888841 |
0.276532 |
0.000017 |
0.264367 |
||
|
Variable: length of a top spikelet. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.000593 |
0.044180 |
0.968550 |
0.933876 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.000593 |
0.000017 |
0.000048 |
0.011223 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.044180 |
0.000017 |
0.206150 |
0.003409 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.968550 |
0.000048 |
0.206150 |
0.608911 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.933876 |
0.011223 |
0.003409 |
0.608911 |
||
|
Variable: number of leaves. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.000022 |
0.535040 |
0.000017 |
0.452380 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.000022 |
0.000017 |
0.535040 |
0.000017 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.535040 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
0.999939 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.000017 |
0.535040 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.452380 |
0.000017 |
0.999939 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Variable: length of the largest leaf. |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.000038 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
0.999054 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.000038 |
0.000017 |
0.913239 |
0.000090 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
0.000017 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.000017 |
0.913239 |
0.000017 |
0.000018 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.999054 |
0.000090 |
0.000017 |
0.000018 |
||
|
Variable: width of the largest leaf.
Error: MS intergroup= 0.05318; |
Bereza |
Siedlce |
B. Pulwy |
Grębków |
Zabuże |
|
|
Bereza |
0.074872 |
0.994687 |
0.863854 |
0.994687 |
||
|
Siedlce |
0.074872 |
0.188352 |
0.500886 |
0.024511 |
||
|
B. Pulwy |
0.994687 |
0.188352 |
0.977680 |
0.931496 |
||
|
Grębków |
0.863854 |
0.500886 |
0.977680 |
0.640662 |
||
|
Zabuże |
0.994687 |
0.024511 |
0.931496 |
0.640662 |
||
Two volatile lower fatty acids were determined in the experimental raw sausages, namely acetic (C:2) and propionic acids (C:3). It should be stressed that in the quantitative proportion, it was acetic acid that was always dominant (Table 2).
DISCUSSION
The total height of specimens and length of inflorescence of Beckmannia eruciformis were in accordance with literature data [3,5]. The parameter of length and width of leaf blades at all studied stations exceeded the values given by Falkowski [3].
The studied populations of Beckmannia eruciformis significantly differed in respect of all examined features. Specimens occurring in Zabuże and Bereza reached the higher average values, regarding 8 of 10 features. These stations were characterised by the largest naturalness and good humidity conditions during whole vegetation period. The difference between both populations were related to light condition (Zabuże – intense insolation, Bereza – shaded station). Despite of contrary light condition individuals of Beckmannia eruciformis were distinguishable by greatest values of majority of the studied morphological characters. We can assume that light condition had a slight impact on value of studied features in Beckmannia eruciformis populations, whereas the decisive factor influencing the observed differences was habitat humidity during vegetation period. Studies carried out on Melica transilvanica [6] also shoved the dependences between humidity and light conditions and individual characters.
Stations of Beckmannia eruciformis in Grębków, Siedlce and Bagno Pulwy, in spite of insolation differences, were distinguishable by periodical water insufficiency during vegetation period. Worse condition of individuals (expressed in smaller values of studied morphological characters) was probably a result of sensitivity of the grass to periodical water deficiency (literature data indicates only the tolerance of Beckmannia eruciformis to long-lasting inundation [3]).
The only exception was the largest average length of the top spikelet calculated for specimens in Siedlce.
CONCLUSIONS
The studied populations of Beckmannia eruciformis significantly differed in respect of all examined features. Specimens occurring in Zabuże and Bereza reached the higher average values, regarding 8 of 10 features. These stations were characterised by the largest naturalness and good humidity conditions. A water supply during whole vegetation period is probably the main factor affecting studied morphological differences and condition of specimens.
REFERENCES
Ciosek M.T., 2004. Zbiorowiska roślinne z Beckmannia eruciformis Host w Polsce środkowowschodniej [Plant communities with Beckmannia eruciformis Host in central eastern Poland]. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Polonica 11, 123-130 [in Polish]. Eichwald E., 1830. Naturchistorische Skizze von Lithauen, Volhynien und Podolien in geognostisch-mineralogischer, botanischer und zoologischer Hinsicht [Nature-historical outline from Lithuania, Volyn and Podole regions in geological-mineralogical, botanical and zoological context]. 254. J. Zawadzki, Wilno [in German]. Falkowski M. (ed.), 1982. Trawy polskie [The Polish grasses]. PWRiL, Warszawa [in Polish]. Frey L., Paszko B., 2000. Rozmieszczenie Beckmannia eruciformis (Poaceae) w Polsce [The occurrence of Beckmannia eruciformis (Poaceae) in Poland]. Fragm. Flor. Geobot. Polonica 7, 73-80 [in Polish]. Rutkowski L., 2007. Klucz do oznaczania roślin naczyniowych Polski niżowej [Key to vascular plants in lowland Poland]. PWN, Warszawa [in Polish]. Szczęśniak E., 2003. Morphological variability of Melica transsilvanica in the Lower Silesia. (In:) Problems of grass biology. L. Frey (ed.). Instytut Botaniki im. Szafera, PAN, Kraków, 265-269.
Accepted for print: 15.02.2008
Marek T. Ciosek
Department of Botany, University of Natural Sciences and Humanities in Siedlce, Poland
Prusa 12
08-110 Siedlce
Poland
email: marekc@uph.edu.pl
Janusz Krechowski
Department of Botany, Institute of Biology,
University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland
B. Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
Katarzyna Piórek
Department of Botany, Institute of Biology,
University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland
Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
Lidia Borkowska
Department of Botany, Institute of Biology,
University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland
Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
Agata Błazik
Department of Botany, Institute of Biology,
University of Podlasie, Siedlce, Poland
Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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