CHANGES IN FRUIT TREES AND SMALL FRUIT BUSHES PRODUCTION IN THE LUBELSZCZYZNA REGION DURING 1994-2004

Eugenia Czernyszewicz
Department of Horticultural Economics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland

ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to investigate conditions and changes in fruit nursery materials in the Lubelskie Province (based on the results from qualified nursery plantations) in the years 1994-2004. Nursery fruit trees and bushes including strawberry reproduction plantations were investigated. It was stated that during the examined period, the average area of nursery plantations increased and the number of nurseries declined. The number of evaluated nursery plantations increased significantly after CAC category of nursery material had been introduced in 2004. It was observed that production of all species of fruit trees and majority of small fruit bushes and young strawberry plants has a tendency to increase. The production structure of fruit trees like apple and cherry trees and small fruit bushes – blackcurrant and raspberry bushes dominated. The results of the study showed that Lubelszczyzna region strengthened its position on a domestic nursery fruit material market.

Key words: nurseries, fruit trees, small fruit bushes, production.

INTRODUCTION

Fruit nursery is an important branch of horticulture in Poland. Its state influences a lot the development of fruit growing because nurseries supply fruit grower’s with trees and bushes to establish orchards and small fruit bushes plantation. According to Czynczyk [3], Rejman and Makosz [14] production of fruit trees and bushes should be consistent with the latest trends in fruit growing and preferences of growers. The importance of orchard nursery has increased significantly since the 90s of the previous century. It was caused by changes in fruit growing connected with intensification of fruit production and changes in selection of cultivars.

Lubelszczyzna is the biggest centre of fruit nursery material in Poland. According to Seed Inspection's data in the Lublin Province (Lubelskie) there are 18.8% of the country’s total nursery farms. In 2004, fruit trees production in this region constituted about 31% of domestic production and 18.6% of small fruit bushes production. A rich tradition dating back to the 19th century promotes the development of nursery production in Lubelszczyzna [20]. Beneficial factors are high quality soils and convenient climatic conditions.

The data concerning the potential of orchard nursery come mainly from Seed Inspection. Some chosen results of nursery qualifications in our country are sometimes published in horticultural journals [9,10,11,12,13,16,18,19]. However, there is lack of data about nursery material production in individual provinces. The data from several years concerning fruit trees and bushes production in this large region can help to make the right decision about the level of production and its structure. It is important because of a frequent opinion of overproduction in fruit nursery material in Poland.

The aim of this article is to show the present quantitative state and changes in fruit nursery material in the Lubelskie Province in 1994-2004.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Secondary source materials were used in the research. These were the results of the qualification of nursery plantation in Lubelszczyzna administration unit. Indispensable data about fruit nursery material production were obtained in Seed Inspection of Province Inspectorate of Plant Protection and Seed in Lublin. The presented analyses concern the years 1994-2004.

The characteristic of fruit nursery included the number of farms and nursery plantations, the total area of nursery cultivation including fruit trees nurseries and small fruit bushes nurseries as well as raspberry and strawberry reproduction plantations. The data about fruit trees and fruit bushes production contained its total level and production of particular species. Production of fruit trees included apple, pear, plum, sweet cherry and cherry trees whereas production of small fruit bushes – gooseberry, black currant, red and white currant, raspberry bushes and others species like blueberry, blackberry, hazel bushes and separately strawberry plants.

The conducted analysis of data was based on simple statistical-mathematical methods. The characteristic of variables included measure of location (arithmetic mean) and measure of spread (variability interval, range and standard deviation). The structure of cultivation area and fruit nursery material production was presented. The dynamics of changes in the area of cultivation and fruit trees and bushes production was analyzed with the use of indexes of dynamics (fixed basic index and chain index). Based on obtained data, linear tendencies of changes in nursery area and orchard nursery material production were defined for the years 1994-2004.

RESULTS

The number of farms and nursery plantations. In 2004 there were 156 nursery farms in the Lubelskie Province. They constituted 18.8% of all farms producing orchard nursery materials in the country. The number of farms increased in the years 1994-2001 and after 2001 it decreased. In 1994 nursery farms in this region constituted 13.4% of the total number in the country. For the next years Lubelszczyzna strengthened its position and in 2003 it was recorded that it had 20.4% of participation. During the analysed period the number of nursery farms had a growing tendency with the average annual growth rate of eight farms.

Table 1. The number of nursery farms in the years 1994-2004

Specification	The number of nursery farms in Poland	The number of nursery farms in Lubelszczyzna	Share of nursery farms in Lubelszczyzna, %
1994	967	130	13.4
1995	965	133	13.8
1996	949	142	15.0
1997	931	148	15.9
1998	1023	171	16.7
1999	1024	187	18.3
2000	1102	200	18.1
2001	1116	227	20.3
2002	1100	222	20.2
2003	1035	211	20.4
2004	831	156	18.8

Source: Seed Inspection in Lublin, Main Inspectorate of Seed Inspection in Warsaw

Kuzmicki’s research [8] shows that the biggest concentration of nurseries is in Lublin – Puławy – Bełżyce triangle. In 1994 there was 0.58 hectare of nursery plantations per farm on average and in 2004 it was significantly more – 1.41 hectare. Adding nursery material of CAC category (Conformitas Agraria Communitatis) the area of nursery plantations increased to 3.04 hectare per farm. The tendency to enlarge the average nursery area in the region of Lubelszczyzna is a reverse phenomenon compared to the general tendency in the country to decrease the average area of nurseries (from 1.42 hectare in 1994 to 0.8 hectare in 2004).

In the years 1994-2003 the number of nursery plantations which were qualified by Seed Inspection in Lublin oscillated between 258 and 537. In 2004 there were 259 plantations reported for qualification and 460 CAC category plantations (the total of 719 plantations) – figure 1. The number of plantations decreased and reached the level from the years 1994-1995. The number of plantations reported for qualification as selected and qualified materials decreased considerably compared to the previous year because of the introduction of CAC category of nursery material in 2004 [15,17]. The introduction of CAC category resulted in registration of a greater number of nursery plantations at the Inspection of Plant Protection and Seed Production and consequently the decrease in grey economy which was assessed at about 30-40% of the market. In 2004 the average area of qualified plantation amount 0.85 hectare. The introduction of CAC category caused the decrease in the average area plantation to 0.66 hectare.

Figure 1. The number of nursery plantations qualified in the Lubelszczyzna region in the years 1994-2004

The area and the structure of nursery cultivars. In 2004 the area of nursery cultivation in the Lubelskie Province covered 474.6 hectares, including 254.38 ha of CAC category. In the years 1994-2004 the area of nursery cultivation increased with a particularly large increase of crop area in 2004 when the CAC category was introduced. The area of nurseries in individual years differed from the average area at over 140 hectares. The differences between the maximum and the minimum area of nursery cultivations in the analyzed years were 400 hectares. The variability characteristics of individual groups of nursery plantations qualified in the Lubelszczyzna region are presented in table 2.

Table 2. Characteristic of the area of nursery production in the years 1994-2004 (in hectares)

Specification	Variability interval	Range	Average	Standard deviation
Total area of nursery cultivations	75.0-474.6	399.6	198.3	140.1
Fruit trees nurseries	37.1-210.9	173.8	107.8	68.6
Small fruit bushes nurseries	3.2-10.0	6.8	5.3	3.1
Vegetative rootstocks nurseries	12.0-44.9	32.9	32.2	18.5
Generative rootstocks nurseries	5.6-11.5	5.9	9.0	4.5
Raspberry reproduction plantations	0.5-10.4	9.9	4.7	3,9
Strawberry reproduction plantations	3.7-47.5	43.8	14.8	12.5
Small fruit mother plantation for new plants	2.6-6.4	4.0	4.4	2.5
New mother plantation of rootstocks	0.5-9.5	9.0	3.0	2.6
Seed orchards	0.3-1.1	0.8	0.3	0.4
Budwood and scions orchards	0.2-7.8	7.6	4.7	3.4

In the years 1994-2004 fruit tree nurseries (the first year after budding) dominated in the structure of nursery cultivations area and they were constituted from 48.1% to 51.9% respectively (fig. 2). Fruit tree nurseries with vegetative rootstocks nurseries and generative rootstocks nurseries covered from 71.0% to 76.0% of total nursery area. Small fruit bushes nurseries constituted from 6.9% in 1994 to 1.8% in 2004, and raspberry reproduction plantations – from 4.5% to 2.3% respectively whereas strawberry reproduction plantations constituted from 3.7% in 2002 to 18.8% in 2004. Participation of other groups of nursery cultivation in area structure was lower than 3,0%. The structure of nursery plantations is similar in other regions of the country. In Wielkopolska region [5], like in Lubelszczyzna, fruit trees nurseries dominate. However, participation of small fruit bushes nurseries has been much higher in recent years (11.3% in 2000).

Figure 2. Structure of the area of nursery production in the years 1994 and 2004

The most dynamic growth of nursery cultivations area was characteristic of strawberry reproduction plantations, fruit tree nurseries and mother vegetative rootstock plantations. The area of strawberry reproduction plantations was increased by over 292% till 2003 and after the introduction of CAC category by 1184%. Fruit trees nursery area increased by over 253% and mother plantation of vegetative rootstocks by almost 205%. In this period the area of generative rootstocks decreased by over 54% which means lower production of trees on generative rootstocks (stone trees mainly). The fruit tree nursery area grew at an annual average rate of 15.40 hectares (fig. 3). In other groups of nursery crops (besides strawberry reproduction plantations with an annual average rate of growth of 4.20 hectares) changes in area weren't so intensive whereas in case of new vegetative rootstocks mother plantations and small fruit bushes mother plantations for new plants a decreasing tendency was recorded.

Figure 3. Tendency of changes in area of some selected nursery cultivations in 1994-2004

Fruit trees production. In the Lubelskie Province all the choice of nursery material such as fruit trees, fruit bushes as well as vegetative and generative rootstocks is produced. In 2004 fruit trees and bushes were grown on the area of 189.21 hectares, including 47.5 hectares of strawberry plantations and 10.56 hectares of nurseries of small fruit bushes including raspberries. Compared to 1994 the area of fruit tree nursery increased by over 253% and considering new conditions of qualification (CAC material) – over four times (468%). The introduction of nursery material category complying with the minimum requirements for fruit trees and bushes in European Union (CAC category) resulted in registration of a greater number of nursery plantations. The growing tendency was also recorded in the area of qualified vegetative and generative rootstock plantations (tab. 3).

Table 3. Dynamics of changes in nursery cultivations area in 1994-2004 (Year 1994 = 100)

Years	Total area of nursery cultivations	Fruit trees nurseries	Vegetative rootstocks nurseries	Generative rootstocks nurseries
1994	100	100	100	100
1995	115.1	144.3	82.1	71.7
1996	.	.	.	.
1997	.	.	.	.
1998	188.1	214.4	197.3	92.8
1999	223.2	245.4	235.1	128.6
2000	242.5	296.3	238.1	139.8
2001	.	.	.	.
2002	299.9	374.6	296.9	114.5
2003	313.1	380.4	297.6	126.9
2004	632.8	568.0	305.6	145.6

“.” – dot means lack of data to count index

The growth of the area of vegetative rootstock nurseries was more dynamic compared to generative rootstock nurseries. It reveals a beneficial tendency in nursery production which is the increased share of tree production on weak-growing vegetative rootstocks (dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks) which, in turn, enables an increase in intensity of orchards and therefore is consistent with the demands of fruit growers [1]. Out of various species of fruit trees produced in nurseries in Lubelszczyzna region, the area of apple trees grew the most rapidly. The apple trees are produced mainly on vegetative rootstocks and have the biggest participation in structure of fruit tree production. This conclusion is also proved in figure 5. The higher dynamics of changes in total nursery area compared to fruit tree and rootstock nursery indicates an increase in participation of other groups of nursery plantations than the mentioned ones, like strawberry reproduction plantations, budwood and scions orchards.

In 2004 the production of fruit trees reached 3013 thousand pieces. In 1994-2004 the production increased gradually, although since 2002 there has been recorded a small decrease. In the examined period the production of fruit trees fluctuated between 1428.4 thousand and 3340.8 thousand trees, so the difference between the minimal and the maximal production was significant and amounted to about 1912.4 thousand trees. The direction of a change is consistent with the results of a research which was conducted in Department of Horticultural Economics in 1999. In the research almost every second farm declared an intention to increase production of nursery material in the future [2]. The description of individual qualified fruit tree species in the Lubelszczyzna is presented in table 4. However, it needs to be emphasized that qualification does not cover all the nursery production. According to estimates by Klimek [7] the participation of qualified production in associated farms in Poland reaches 50% while in other farms amounts to only 20-25%.

Table 4. Production of various species of fruit trees in 1994-2004 (thousand of pieces)

Specification	Variability interval	Range	Average	Standard deviation
Total	1428.4-3340.8	1912.4	2317.2	1210.8
Apple trees	598.5-1789.8	1191.3	1173.4	614.7
Pear trees	114.8-209.2	94.4	152.3	74.5
Plum trees	103.5 -343.2	239.7	173.9	101.8
Cherry trees	317.7-863.7	546.0	594.4	318.4
Sweet cherry trees	68.3-246.6	178.3	158.4	86.5

Apple trees had the biggest share in the structure of production in 1998 and the smallest one in 1994, whereas cherry trees in the years 1994 and 1998 respectively. Production of sweet cherry trees constituted from 10.9% in 1994 to 6.4% in 2004 in the analyzed period. A lower share in the structure of production of fruit trees had plum and pear trees (fig. 4). In individual years the share of these species fluctuated between 5.4% to 10.6% and 4.2% to 8.9% respectively.

Figure 4. Production structure of fruit trees in the years 1994 and 2004

A rate of increase in nursery material production differed in individual years. Apple, cherry and plum tree production had the highest dynamics of growth (fig. 5). Production of sweet cherry trees had the lowest dynamics of change. In the years 1998-1999, compared to 1994, the production of sweet cherry trees decreased by about 50%. In 1999, the production of pear, plum and cherry trees also decreased.

Figure 5. Dynamics of change in fruit tree nursery production in 1994-2004 (Year 1994 = 100)

The increase in production of the whole selection of fruit trees was recorded only in 2000, which was connected with higher selling prices in 1998 and 1999 in comparison to previous years. In the years 2003-2004 the decrease in the rate of growth in production of most species of fruit trees was recorded. The reason could be overproduction of nursery material in previous years and forecast of a decrease in sales prices of fruit in 2004.

The strongest growth tendency was recorded in production of apple and cherry trees. The production of apple trees increased on average by 138.9 thousand pieces annually and cherry trees – by 78.9 thousand pieces (fig. 6). With other species of fruit trees the changes in production weren’t so strong. In Grzyb’s opinion [4] the present number of plum nursery material satisfies domestic demand. Shortage of trees, if it occurs, mainly concerns the recent species or the ones whose fruits are sought after by consumers.

Figure 6. Tendency for change in production of various species of fruit trees in 1994-2004

The biggest share in the structure of apple trees production had cultivars like Golden Delicious and its sports (Reinders), Jonagold and its sports (Decosta and Jonagored), Gala, Idared and Ligol. In sweet cherry trees production dominated cultivars such as Burlat and Kordia, in cherry trees – Łutówka, whereas in plum trees – Węgierka Zwykła, Amers and Renkloda Ulena. From among pear trees the most produced cultivars are Konferencja, Faworytka and Lukasówka, from among peach trees – Harnas, Redhaven and Inka.

Small fruit bushes production. The research of nursery area of small fruit bushes showed that during the analyzed period plantations of strawberry plants were characterized by the highest dynamics of increase. The area of strawberry reproduction plantations rose by 1184% from 3.7 to 47.5 hectares and the area of raspberry reproduction plantations increased by about 169% from 3.5 to 5.9 hectares in this period. A significant fluctuation in nursery area of small bushes was also observed in the years 1999-2004 – table 5.

Table 5. Dynamics of change in the area of selected groups of nursery cultivations in 1994-2004 (Year 1994 = 100)

Years	Total area of nursery cultivations	Small fruit bushes nurseries	Raspberry reproduction plantations	Strawberry reproduction plantations
1994	100	100	100	100
1995	115.1	81.2	13.7	103.8
1996	.	.	.	116.8
1997	.	.	.	117.6
1998	188.1	78.8	47.1	297.3
1999	223.2	60.9	71.4	394.6
2000	242.5	75.2	71.4	405.4
2001	.	.	.	221.6
2002	299.9	122.6	211.4	224.3
2003	313.1	92.7	297.1	392.4
2004	632.8	187.6	268.6	1284.9

“.” – dot means lack of data to count index

Dynamics of change in the area of nurseries varied in individual years. Significant fluctuations occurred in raspberry and strawberry reproduction plantations area. The raspberry reproduction plantation area fluctuated between 0.5 hectare in 1995 and 10.4 hectares in 2003. In 2004 strawberry reproduction plantation area became twice as big compared to the years 2001-2002.

The level of small fruit bushes production depends mainly on demand for fruits. In 2004 832.6 thousand small fruit bushes were qualified in Lubelszczyzna region. In individual years the production of bushes fluctuated between 258.5 thousand in 2000 and 909.2 thousand in 2003. The difference between the minimal and the maximal volume of bushes production was significant and it amounted to about 650.7 thousand pieces. In the years 1994-2004 the production of small fruit bushes differed by over 334.1 thousand pieces from the average calculated for the whole period. The description of change in production of individual species of small fruit bushes which were qualified in the region of Lubelszczyzna is presented in table 6.

Table 6. Characteristic of production of various species of small fruit bushes in 1994-2004 (in thousand of pieces)

Specification	Variability interval	Range	Average	Standard deviation
Total	258.5-909.2	650.7	521.5	334.1
Gooseberry bushes	6.8-73.5	66.7	35.0	26.4
Black currant bushes	98.6-251.0	152.4	173.3	93.0
Red currant bushes	8.0-53.9	45.9	34.3	21.3
White currant bushes	4.2-17.4	13.3	5.3	5.6
Raspberry bushes	56.6-640.6	584.0	245.9	231.5
Others	20.0-50.3	30.3	27.6	21.4

In the years 1994-1999 the biggest share in small fruit bushes production had black currant – from 34.3% to 58.2%. In the years 2000-2004 raspberry bushes dominated and they constituted from 42.2% to 70.5%. Other small fruit bushes like blueberry, blackberry and hazel had also significant share in production. During the analyzed period due to large fluctuations in production, occurred significant change in share of gooseberry bushes in production of small fruit bushes from 1.5% to 19.2% (fig. 7). In the years 2001-2004 qualified bushes of colour currant were not produced. The reason for such a situation was a periodical slump in prices of this species. In Klimek’s [6] opinion production plantations of gooseberry and black currant in our country require changes and modernization especially in cultivar structure.

Figure 7. Structure of production of small fruit bushes in the years 1994 and 2004

The dynamics of change in volume of small fruit bushes production as well as the area fluctuated considerably. The production of small fruit bushes in the examined period increased by nearly 200% (fig. 8). The production of raspberry plants and red currant bushes also had high dynamics of increase, 891.8% and 384.2% respectively.

Figure 8. Dynamics of change in small fruit trees production in 1994-2004 (Year 1994 = 100)

An analysis of the data confirmed a strong growing tendency in production of raspberry plants. In the years 1994-2004 average annual growth in production of this plant amounted to 85.3 thousand pieces. There were slight changes in production of the other species of small fruit bushes. A decreasing tendency was recorded in production of colour currant bushes, on average by over 1.9 thousand pieces annually and of other small fruit bushes by about 2.8 thousand pieces (fig. 9).

Figure 9. Tendency of changes in small fruit bushes production in the years 1994-2004

Most frequently grown cultivars of raspberry bushes were Polka, Polana and Glen Ample and of black currant bushes it was Ben Lomond. Biały Triumf dominated in production of gooseberry bushes.

Strawberry plants production. In 1994 strawberry plants production in the Lubelskie Province constituted 7.9% and in 2004 – 12.3% of domestic production. The production of strawberry plants in individual years fluctuated considerably (figure 10). In 2002 there was the lowest production of strawberry plants amounting to 1438.8 thousand pieces (5.9% of domestic production) whereas the highest production was in 2004 – 5714.0 thousand pieces. It was caused by the introduction of a qualified nursery material category CAC (Conformitas Agraria Communitatis) in 2004 which meets the minimum requirements for nursery material in European Union. Besides, prices of strawberry fruits have a significant influence upon the level of plants production. Higher prices for fruits stimulate an increase in plant production because they encourage farmers to establish and enlarge their plantations, which in turn entails the growing demand for plants. In comparison to 1994, the production of strawberry plants in 2004 increased by 187%. The average annual growth in production of strawberry plants in the Lubelszczyzna region amounted to 348 thousand pieces and 1476.7 thousand pieces in the country. Most frequently grown cultivars of strawberry plants were Senga Sengana, Elsanta, Camarosa and Selva.

Figure 10. Tendency of changes in small fruit bushes production in the years 1994-2004

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the research, the following conclusions were drawn:

1. Lubelszczyzna is one of the biggest producers of fruit nursery material in Poland. The nursery material was produced by 18.8% of the total number of nursery farms in the country. In 2004 the production of fruit trees in the region amounted to 3013.3 thousand trees and 832.6 thousand small fruit bushes which constituted respectively about 31% and 18.6% of domestic production.

2. During the examined period beneficial structural changes were recorded because of a increase in average nursery area parallel to a decrease in the number of farms.

3. In 2004 CAC category was introduced to nursery material. It caused a considerable increase in the number of qualified plantations and a decrease in the grey market. In 2004 Seed Inspection in the Lubelskie Province evaluated 719 nursery plantations and it was the biggest number of plantations being evaluated in the analyzed period.

4. In 1994-2004 a considerable increase in nursery area, from 75.0 hectare to 474.6 hectare, was recorded. In the structure of nursery area dominated fruit tree nurseries and they constituted 61.6% in 1995 whereas in 2004 – 51.9% of total nursery plantations.

5. In the examined period a rising tendency in production of all fruit tree species and most small fruit bushes was recorded. The biggest increase was recorded in production of apple and cherry trees and raspberry bushes. In the structure of fruit tree production the biggest share had apple and cherry trees. As for small fruit bushes in the years 1994-1999 – black currant bushes and in the years 2000-2004 – raspberry bushes.

6. The production of strawberry plants had a rising tendency but in individual years it fluctuated significantly. The most strawberry plants were produced in 2004 – 5714.0 thousand pieces. In the examined period the average annual growth in production of strawberry plants amounted to 348.0 thousand pieces.

7. In spite of overproduction in recent years in Poland the production of fruit trees and bushes in Lubelszczyzna in the years 1994-2004 had a rising tendency and the region strengthened its position in domestic market of fruit nursery material.

REFERENCES

1. Czernyszewicz E., 1999a. Perspektywy i zagrożenia gospodarstw szkółkarskich w Polsce w swietle badań ankietowych [The prospects and the risks of nursery farms in Poland based on a survey]. II Ogólnopolska Konferencja Ogrodnicza. Lublin 14-15 XII 1999, 187-198 [in Polish].

2. Czernyszewicz E., Siedlecki M., 1999b. Stan i perspektywy rozwoju szkółkarstwa sadowniczego w Polsce [The state and the outlooks for development of fruit nursery in Poland]. II Ogólnopolska Konferencja Ogrodnicza. Lublin 14-15 XII 1999, 59-66 [in Polish].

3. Czynczyk A., 1998. Szkółkarstwo sadownicze [Fruit nursery growing]. PWRiL, Warszawa [in Polish].

4. Grzyb Z. S., 2000. Kierunki zmian w produkcji szkółkarskiej drzewek sliw [The ways of changes in plum trees nursery production]. Szkółkarstwo 3, 24-27 [in Polish].

5. Hołubowicz R., Hołubowicz T., 2003. Fruit Trees and Bushes Nursery Production. Wyd. AR im. A. Cieszkowskiego w Poznaniu.

6. Klimek G., 2001. Kwalifikowana produkcja krzewów porzeczek i agrestu [Qualified production of black currant bushes and gooseberry bushes]. Hasło Ogrodnicze 10, 25-28 [in Polish].

7. Klimek G., 2005. Struktura odmianowa produkcji szkółkarskiej a potrzeby rynku owoców [The cultivar structure of nursery production and purposes of fruit market]. Mat. III Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Szkółkarskiej nt. Problemy i perspektywy produkcji szkółkarskiej drzewek owocowych. ISiK, Skierniewice, 10-27 [in Polish].

8. Kuzmicki A., 1993. Stan produkcji szkółkarskiej w rejonie lubelskim [The state of nursery production in the region of Lublin]. Ogrodnictwo 3, 15-17 [in Polish].

9. Panasik J., 1995. Kwalifikacja materiału szkółkarskiego [The qualification of nursery materials]. Szkółkarstwo 2, 5-7 [in Polish].

10. Panasik J., 1996. Wyniki kwalifikacji materiału szkółkarskiego w 1995 roku [The results of nursery material qualifications in 1995]. Szkółkarstwo 1, 21-237 [in Polish].

11. Panasik J., 1997. Kwalifikacja materiału szkółkarskiego w 1996 roku [The qualification of nursery materials in 1996]. Szkółkarstwo 1, 7-11 [in Polish].

12. Panasik J., 1998. Kwalifikacja sadowniczego materiału szkółkarskiego [The qualification of fruit nursery materials]. Szkółkarstwo 1, 21-23 [in Polish].

13. Panasik J., 1999. Ocena polowa i laboratoryjna sadowniczego materiału szkółkarskiego [The land and laboratory assessment of fruit nursery materials]. Szkółkarstwo 1, 6-8 [in Polish].

14. Rejman A., Makosz E., 1995. Szkółkarstwo roslin sadowniczych [The nursery of fruit plants growing]. Plantpress, Kraków [in Polish].

15. Smaczyński K., 2001. Nowe wymagania, co do jakosci sadowniczego materiału szkółkarskiego [The new requirements in quality fruit nursery materials]. Szkółkarstwo 6/2001, 32-33 [in Polish].

16. Smaczyński K., 2002. Kwalifikacja szkółek w 2001 roku [The qualification of nurseries in 2001]. Szkółkarstwo 2, 41-42 [in Polish].

17. Smaczyński K., 2004. Co to jest CAC? [What is the CAC?]. Szkółkarstwo 1. 38-41 [in Polish].

18. Smaczyński K., 2005. Kwalifikacja szkółek w 2004 roku [The qualification of nurseries in 2004]. Szkółkarstwo 2, 82-83 [in Polish].

19. Smaczyński K., 2006. Wyniki oceny polowej materiału szkółkarskiego [The results of land assessment of nursery materials]. Szkółkarstwo 3, 59-62 [in Polish].

20. Szkółkarstwo polskie 1799-1999 [Polish nursery during 1799-1999]. red. Dolatowski J., 1999, Agencja ZYX – Poligrafia, Warszawa [in Polish].

 

Accepted for print: 16.01.2007

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Eugenia Czernyszewicz
Department of Horticultural Economics,
University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland
58 Leszczynskiego Street, 20-068 Lublin, Poland
phone/fax: (+48) 81 533 82 46
email: eugenia.czernyszewicz@up.lublin.pl

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