EJPAU, 2004, Volume 7, Issue 1

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7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Agricultural Engineering
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Fruits and vegetables are built mainly of thin walled parenchyma cells highly susceptible to mechanical damage. According to experimental investigation of relationship between cells geometrical parameters and mechanical properties of tissue a new efficient method of structure reconstruction and parametrisation is elaborated and presented in this paper. Special sample preparation and way of image taking by Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope with fluorescence mode allows obtaining images of any number of cells. Unique computer procedure based on morphological operators was created that allows analysing automatically any number of images with extracting geometrical parameters of each cell separately. The method was tested on potato and carrot tissue. Results show that the method is fast and gives proper cell reconstruction for both materials. In order to decrease error of incorrect reconstruction, possibility of manual correction was introduced to the procedure.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Agronomy
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A field experiment was carried out at the Minikowo Agricultural Experiment Station the vicinity of Bydgoszcz and aimed at defining the effect of the sowing date and nitrogen fertilisation on yielding and selected technological parameters of ‘Mikon’ winter wheat grain and flour. Two sowing dates were applied (factor I): optimal in a given year and 2-week delayed date and 4 nitrogen fertilisation levels (factor II): 0, 80, 120 and 160 kg N·ha-1. The sowing date delayed by two weeks, as compared with the optimal date, significantly decreased the grain yield by 6.6% and increased the content of wet gluten and the value of sedimentation ratio. The dose of 120 kg N·ha-1 was most favourable for ‘Mikon’ winter wheat yielding. A further increase in N fertilisation used to show a tendency for decreased wheat yielding. The qualitative indicators researched showed a growing tendency throughout the range of the nitrogen doses applied. However the nitrogen fertilisation le

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The investigation of relationships between collection system, season and monthly delivery size and somatic cell count in 1 ml of milk classified to the highest quality classes (Extra and the First) in one of leading dairy co-operatives from the region of Central Poland was the aim of the study. Somatic cell count (SCC) of individual milk supplies constituted the research material. Results confirmed that milk collected directly from the farm by autocysternes had much lower SCC level. The increase of the average monthly milk supply had positive relationship with its hygienic quality. The worst milk quality was noticed in the summer season, i.e. in June, July and August, regardless of delivery system. The results show further possibilities of improvement of hygienic conditions of milk production and collection in Poland.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Biotechnology
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Siran was used as a ceramic carrier for the immobilisation of Rhizopus microsporus and Rhizopus nigricans fungi. Siran was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde or silanised to improve the capacity and stability of biomass immobilisation. The conditions of the obtained enzymatic preparations (immobilised and free) maintained in cooled (-20°C) acetone were determined.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Civil Engineering
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A description of the folding phenomenon of thin-walled cylindrical axially compressed rods during loss of stability in plastic states is presented in the paper. The course of quasi-static load and rod deformation thanks to simultaneous camera filming with the divided screen method is analysed. Changes of crystal grains in a polished cross-section before and after the experiment made on a R35 steel rod (PN-73/H-72240) are presented.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Economics
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In this paper the attempt has been made to explain the process of land reforms in Poland from the institutional view by applying theories of institutional change and theories of political behaviour. The land reforms in transition period are generally considered, however some historical background is also provided.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Environmental Development
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In laboratory experiment the influence of different dosages of fungicides on the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, urease, b-glucosidase and ATP content in loamy clay soil was determined. The fungicides were applied alone and with additions of an adiuvants applied at field rate and 10-fold and 100-fold higher. The following combinations were used: Miedzian 50 WP (a.i. copper oxychloride), Miedzian 350 extra SC (Miedzian 50 WP + Polybutene emulsion) and Miedzian 50 WP applied together with Rapol 90 EC. The soil sample was submitted to analysis in 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days after the pesticides treatment. The investigations showed that soil enzymes activity after use pesticides with adiuvants was lower from activities these enzymes in soil after use of fungicides without adiuvants, it was especially visible in case of dehydrogenase and b-glucosidase. Also ATP content in soil with addition all of three

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Fisheries
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The aim of the present study was to evaluate, using the microscope and computer image analysis system MultiScan, the effects of Cu (0.2 mg·dm -3) and Cd (0.2 mg·dm -3) on swimbladder inflation by common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae under laboratory conditions. The fish were exposed to metals for 30 days from hatching. The results indicate that heavy metals considerably inhibited inflation of the posterior and anterior chamber of swimbladder. Metals affected inflation of each swimbladder chamber in a different way. They reduced the rate of inflation of first (posterior) chamber, delayed the beginning of inflation of the second (anterior) chamber, and inhibited its growth. Metal exposure resulted in differences among the larvae: some of them inflated the anterior chamber, and the others failed to inflate it. At the end of the experiment, 100% of control fish showed this chamber inflated, while in Cu and Cd-exposed groups 24 and 21%, respec

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The effects of using ascorbic acid (AA), rosemary extract (RE) and a-tocopherol/ ascorbic acid (T+AA) were evaluated on some quality characteristics of chicken patties stored at -20°C for 6 months. On 0th day and 2nd, 4th and 6th months of storage period, TBA, non-heme iron and colour parameters were measured and sensory evaluation was performed on chicken patties. At the end of the storage period patties with T+AA had the lowest TBA values. Non-heme iron content indicated no difference during storage and among treatments. On month 4 and 6 no differences were found on flavour scores between treatment groups.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Forestry
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The present study concerns the determination of variability of spruce timber as a basis of optimalization of the number and size of sample plots. The plots might be used to estimate the quality structure of spruce timber for both scientific and practical purposes. Research was conducted at 6 one-hectare sample plots, divided into subplots, in the province of the Beskid Żywiecki Mts. in the Carpathian Region. The features under analysis showed considerable variability, particularly in the case of the least numerous classes and groups of timber. The analysed dependencies were described by means of expotential equations.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Geodesy and Cartography
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The measuring in field is the most commonly used activity in various industrial branches. To be the results useful the data must be stored in a suitable database. There is a problem: to use either one of most of commercial database systems or to create the special purpose designed database? This question is discussed and an own approach of the database design is presented in this paper. The goal is the designed database with minimum of memory capacity occupied and the most rapidly information provided. It is supposed that the basic database design rules e.g. to avoid redundant data (normalization), ensure that the relationships among attributes are represented or facilitate the checking of updates for violation of database integrity constraints are respected. A special optimization method for common attributes reduction, for storing strings of variable length and for database reorganization is used. The database model was implemented in the information system for anticorrosive protection of

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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The paper aimed at estimating the genetic improvement in yield and some quality traits of globose and slightly flattened cultivars of red garden beet listed in Poland during the years 1988-1999. The method of deviations from a check was used. The calculations were based on the results of cultivar testing conducted by the Research Centre for Cultivar Testing in Słupia Wielka. A significant genetic improvement of 0.55%/yr. was achieved in marketable yield. The genetic gain in betanin content amounted to 0.78%/yr. and vulgaxanthine to 1.33%/yr. However, the content of dry matter decreased at an annual rate of –0.77% and of sugar at the rate of -1.12%/yr. The content of nitrates negatively increased by 0.74%/yr. Depending on the trait analysed approximately 17% - 30% of the total improvement could be attributed to genetic factors.

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The goal of the research was to determine parasite fauna of alimentary tract in dogs from animal asylums, from the city and the neighboring rural areas of Northwestern Poland. Gorzów Wielkopolski, Szczecin, Stargard Szczeciński, Słupsk and Gdynia-Redłowo. The research was conducted between March 1999 and April 2002 in the area of Gorzów Wielkopolski, Szczecin, Stargard Szczeciński, Słupsk and Gdynia-Redłowo. A total of 216 stool samples from the area of Gorzów Wielkopolski were tested, 115 from Słupsk, 269 from Szczecin, 44 from Gdynia-Redłowo and 187 from Stargard Szczeciński. The dogs from the animal asylum and animal clinics were divided into two age groups (of up to 12 months of age and over). Stool samples were tested with a flotation method (Willis-Schlaf). The structure of parasite fauna species was determined according to data to be found in helminthofauna diagnosis handbook (13). The extensity of parasite invasion in dogs depends on their place of living and age. Country dogs are m

7(1) #01
01 Mar 2004
Wood Technology
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The aim of the presented investigations was to analyse the influence of parameters of particleboards production on cutting properties of boards. Parameters that varied were temperature (180 and 220 °C) and pressure (2.5 and 4.0 MPa). Factors to define the cutting properties were: the work of fracture and the work of chip formation. Those factors describe the general work of cutting. Sharp and blunt tools were used. Cutting tests were carried out by using an equipped microtome technique.

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Agronomy
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The aim of the present paper has been to define heritability and mutual relations between frost resistance and the other traits of two- and six-rowed winter barley: yield, 1000 grain weight and grain filling as well as earliness, plant height and resistance to lodging. The research material was made up of winter barley breeding strains of F6-F7 generation researched over 1999-2002 over three two-year cycles. All the characters analysed were marked with coefficient of variability (CV) coefficients of heritability (H) and coefficients of phenotypic and genotypic correlation. The greatest variation over years was observed for frost resistance of both two- and six-rowed barley. Such a great variation of the strains researched makes it possible to select forms resistant in both cultivar groups. The coefficient of heritability of frost resistance was in two-rowed barley quite stable, however in six-rowed barley – it was changing considerably (from zero to 0.83). Two-rowed ba

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The matings and selection of horses for the breeding stock in national Arabian horse studs from the 1947-1948 to 1996-1997 seasons were analysed. The data were examined taking into account the average values of the inbreeding coefficient (F). It was stated that breeders constantly avoided mating highly-related horses. Matings which concluded in abortion exhibited a higher level of inbreeding, while those which were either barren or ended in the death of the foal were characterised by lower average values of the inbreeding coefficient. In the selection of horses for the breeding stock, breeders preferred stallions with lower inbreeding coefficients. Moreover, among the stallions of the same father those with F values below the average were selected (statistically significant regularity). This tendency, however, was not observed in the selection of mares. These results indicate that matings of highly-related horses are not suitable from the point of view of the future selection

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Biotechnology
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The medium for fodder yeast production from crude rapeseed oil by the strain Yarrowia lipolytica A-101 was optimized using both the response surface methodology and the pulse method. The 24 central composite experimental design was used to study the combined effect of the medium components, such as crude rapeseed oil, ammonium sulphate, magnesium sulphate and yeast extract, on the biomass concentration and yield. To maximize the concentration of the biomass the optimal values of the medium components were determined with the two methods for the independent variables. Both methods yielded similar results. Thus the optimized concentrations of the medium components amounted to 25.7; 4.2; 0.12; 0.28 and 2.1 gL-1 for crude rapeseed oil, ammonium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and yeast extract, respectively.

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Civil Engineering
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7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Economics
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The cost effectiveness of the Polish ‘Environmental Protection in Rural Areas’ (EPRA) project financed from both Polish and international sources is compared to the effectiveness of several projects in the EU countries. The main objective of the compared projects was to reduce nitrogen compounds emissions to the environment, in particular to surface and ground waters. Effectiveness in the Polish project, if measured by the reduction of emissions to the ground was close to the effectiveness in three British projects (Nitrate Sensitive Areas Scheme, Nitrate Vulnerable Zone in the river Ythan catchment and in the whole of Scotland), though much smaller than in the Danish Skjern River Restoration Project. The main reason for differences was not the country of implementation, but the difference in the technological measures applied for attaining the goals. The effectiveness in various projects and project options measured by reduction in emissions varied between 2.4 and 40 kgN/100 PLN, in Polish

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Environmental Development
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Extensive exploitation of groundwater from quaternary deposits of fluvioglacial origin, reaching annually over 1.5 mln m3 in Retków–Stara Rzeka water intake, affected both chemical composition and physical properties of water. Detrimental changes in water quality were manifested mainly by an increased alkalinity, hardness, electrolytic conductivity as well as by raised concentration of iron and manganese ions or sulphates. The value of water alkalinity has increased from below 1 meq/dm3 to over 4.5 meq/dm3 in 1986 and 1994, respectively. Conductivity, strongly related to overall mineralisation of water (Total Dissolved Solids – TDS content), over the same period increased on average from about 150 µS/cm to over 550 µS/cm, and in some wells reached nearly 900 µS/cm. Total water hardness increased in the respected period from 60 mg CaCO3/dm3 to 300 mg CaCO3/dm3, sporadi

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Fisheries
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Characterisation of salmon (Salmo salar) aged 0+, 1+, 2+, stocked in Pomeranian rivers, involved 25 plastic and 13 meristic characters, the opercular bone arrangement, and coloration. Coloration of body and fins, appearing at the age of 0+ at the fork length of 6-10 cm belonged to the earliest species-specific traits. Typical values of certain species-specific characters, such as tail base width, caudal fin incision (as per cent of l. caudalis), and the length of the upper jaw (as per cent of l. capitis) were recorded as early as in the fish aged 0+. Other characters, such as the opercular bone arrangement, were observed in those individuals aged 1+ and only in some fish aged 0+. The typical salmon anal fin shape occurred in some of the salmon aged 1+ and 2+ only. The study showed a high variability and significant differences in meristic and plastic characters between individuals grown in various rivers.

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of the study was to determine influence of oxidation degree on available lysine content and protein digestibility in meat products with added antioxidants (rosemary extracts, soy protein hydrolyzate, BHT) stored under frozen conditions.

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Forestry
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Poland and the Czech Republic are about to join the European Union shortly. This, on the one hand, makes it necessary to undertake appropriate harmonisation measures by these countries and, on the other, creates both justified and unjustified concerns. This study makes a comprehensive attempt at assessing risks of disrupting and upsetting labour markets in forestry in such areas as levels of remuneration and expenditures associated with carrying out individual tasks in forestries of Poland, Germany and the Czech Republic. The performed detailed studies were carried out in frontier areas of the above-mentioned countries.

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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Saprol 190 EC (trifryna) and Rubigan 12 EC (fenarimol) were diluted in 6 types of water without any addition of adjuvants, and they were applied against powdery mildew on roses in field cultivation. Only the emulsions of fungicides diluted in the water from Poznań were prepared with any addition of a surfactant (Citoewtt AL). Generally, no significant effect of the water type on the efficacy of fungicides against powdery mildew on roses was found. Slightly better results of rose protection were obtained when for the dilution of Saprol 190 EC very soft waters (distilled water and water after reverse osmosis) and well water from Szczepankowo were used. On the other hand, in case of Rubigan 12 EC, better results were obtained with very hard waters (hardened and well water from Kościan i Śmigiel) and well water from Szczepankowo. An essential influence on the increase of fungicides effectiveness was exerted by the addition of a surfactant (Citowett AL).

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of the present research is to state if there are statistically important differences between ECG curves dogs suffering from chosen pulmonary diseases and healthy dogs.

7(1) #02
01 Mar 2004
Wood Technology
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The flexural creep behaviour of oriented strandboards OSB/3 10 mm thick was investigated for a period of 72 days. The samples divided into two series were loaded in the plane of the panel in 4-point bending under four stress levels: 30, 40, 50 and 60% of MOR (modulus of rupture). Values of rheological constants were calculated using the 3-element rheological model. Deflections increased about linearly with respect to stress level up to 50% of MOR. The creep process of samples tested at stress level of 60% of MOR was rather nonlinear. Many samples tested at this stress level failed before the experiment was completed.

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Agronomy
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Field experiments were carried out over 1996-1999 at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture at Mochełek in the vicinity of Bydgoszcz on a very good rye complex soil. The aim of the present research was to evaluate the forecrop value for spring barley of five species of fodder crops (white mustard, radish, winter rape, sunflower and phacelia) cultivated in stubble intercrop after winter wheat, depending on the fertilisation method (cattle slurry fertilisation, wheat straw with mineral fertilisers added and with mineral fertilisers only). The effect of stubble intercrops on spring barley fertilisation was slight and differed over years. On average over three research years the highest grain yields were obtained after sunflower and phacelia; however the yield increase, as compared with the control, was 3.3% only. Neither was there observed a significant effect of intercrop fertilisation method on barley yielding. Radish and winter rape significantly increased the content o

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The study was aimed to determine an effect of various feed mixes on finishing White Improved billies reared until 6 months of age. The experiment was carried out in three replications. The study focused on the following sets of traits: body weight gain, feed consumption per weight gain, carcass and half-carcass measurements, slaughter performance and carcass tissue composition. The experiment has shown that farm-made balanced diets, which have a slightly lower level of protein but are richer in fibre, can be successfully used in feeding finishing White Improved billies. Namely, animals fed on this diet, although showing some performance parameters slightly reduced, achieved their slaughter value and meat quality similar to those fed on commercial “CJ” feed.

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Biotechnology
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The physiology of the fungus Rhizopus oligosporus in the solid state fermentation of pea seeds was investigated by means of digital analysis of microscopic images. The correlations between the hyphal fractions within physiological zones, the release of glucose and soluble proteins, and enzymatic activities of the examined strain were also estimated.

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Environmental Development
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The presented paper is an edited version of the part of Ph.D. thesis of the same title and by the same author. The main aim of the research was to assess the state of peat formation process on post-harvested fields of the selected raised bogs in the Orawa – Nowy Targ Basin on the basis of the acrotelm layer self-regeneration. The results revealed that the peat formation process takes place on six from among eight investigated bogs and statistical analysis of the percentage coverage by three plant groups proved that there are significant differences between them. The attempt to determine the rate of organic mass increase on post-mined areas by means of dendrological method was undertaken. Survey results suggest that the rate of organic mass accumulation on the investigated areas is high and depends on local conditions.

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The aim of the work was to determine the level of dry matter, total nitrogen, and amino acids in two kinds of green dill parts (leaves or whole plants 25 cm in height) subjected to different pre-treatment before freezing (blanching or non-blanching) and stored after freezing for 12 months at temperatures of -20°C and -30°C. The leaves of dill contained more dry matter and nitrogen compounds than whole plants. Blanching reduced the content of dry matter and total nitrogen. Refrigerated storage (-20°C and –30°C) for 12 months did not change the content of dry matter and nitrogen compounds. No differences were observed between the leaves and whole plants in the content of total amino acids and sum of essential amino acids while significant differences appeared in the content of some amino acids. In comparison with the FAO/WHO standard of 1991 the level of essential amino acids was very high, lysine being a limiting amino acid. Blanching effected a significant decrease in the c

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Forestry
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In the performed investigations an attempt was made to determine the proportion and some selected physical and mechanical properties of juvenile and transitional (maturing) and adult wood in boles of black pine and Scots pine trees grown in conditions of the fresh broad-leaved forest.

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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Strawberry plants of ‘Senga Sengana’ cv. obtained in vitro from axillary (K-V0) and adventitious (P-V0) shoots were compared with their runner progeny (K-V1 and P-V1, respectively) and with standard runner (S, control) plants under field conditions. No differences were found in leaf shape and colour. In the planting year, in vitro obtained plants, both ‘K-V0’ and ‘P-V0’, developed significantly more crowns and runners while compared to other groups. Such differences, especially in runners’ number were not observed in the next two years. Flowering behaviour was appreciably influenced by propagation method. In the planting year, all in vitro propagated plants and about 80% their runner progeny flowered contrary to control (the only 3% plants). Every year ‘V0’ plants developed significantly more inflorescences than other studied groups. Plants obtained in vitro produced bigger fruits and higher yield than other groups in the first two years. However, a

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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Caprine arthritis-encephalitis infection manifests itself as chronic inflammation of one or two carpal joints, neurological symptoms, shortened lactation period and decreased milk production. To the eradication of CAE infection, OIE recommended effective and recognized diagnostic tests like AGID and ELISA, which are based on detecting antibodies against glycoprotein gp135 or protein p28 of CAEV. Our study aimed at evaluating the agreement of these tests in order to diagnose CAE. In our investigations we used serum samples from 76 herds all over Poland. Our results confirm a high agreement of the AGID and ELISA tests in identifying CAE infection and show a high correlation between clinical symptoms and a positive result of diagnostic examination. Therefore, both these tests can be applied to projects of eradication of CAE infection in goat herds.

7(1) #03
01 Mar 2004
Wood Technology
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The object of the presented research project was sapwood of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), which was subjected to thermal and hydrothermal treatment. The objective of the performed investigations was to determine fungal resistance of this material to wood destroying fungi. Experimental wood was modified in the atmosphere of air and water vapour in conditions of the following temperatures: 160, 190 and 220°C for 6 and 24 hours. Fungal resistance of modified wood was determined applying an accelerated mycological test. The following test fungi were used in the performed experiment: Coniophora puteana, Gleophyllum trabeum, Poria placenta and Coriolus versicolor. The obtained results showed a correlation between conditions of the performed hydrothermal process of wood treatment and its resistance to test fungi species. Wood modified in the atmosphere of water vapour at the temperature of 220°C for 24 hours was characterised by the highest resistance against the s

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Agronomy
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The cereal leaf beetles Oulema melanopus L. and Oulema gallaeciana Heyden (Chrysomelidae) are common pests in European and North American cereal fields. Here we report infestation rates by Oulema spp. and yield loss of winter wheat and barley in Northern Poland (1995 to 1997) and show that both Oulema species might be of significant economic importance. Oulema melanopus was in all the three study years more abundant than Oulema gallaeciana. Larval densities ranged from 22 to 26 larvae per 100 stalks for winter wheat and 29 to 36 larvae per 100 stalks for barley. From these data we estimate yield losses of 0.5 to 4% for winter wheat and 3 to 8% for barley. The significant negative correlation between beetle abundances and the hydrothermic index indicates that higher precipitation and/or lower temperature had a negative effect on the activity of O. melanopus and O. gallaeciana.

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The studies were carried out on 40 young boars of the line 990. On their 70 days of age, the boars were divided into two groups; the control group received 0.2 mg Se and 30 mg vitamin E while the experimental group received 0.5 mg Se + 60 mg vitamin E per 1 kg of feed mixture. The feeding test was carried on from 70 days until 180 days of age. During the experiment the boars were subjected to live evaluations, i.e. testes volume, libido level, semen characteristics, as well as selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in blood serum and seminal plasma. The boars of the experimental group, compared with the control, showed significantly (p≤0.05) higher sperm concentration and total sperm count, significantly lower (p≤0.05) percentage of spermatozoa with major or minor morphological changes, elevated (p≤0.05) percentage of spermatozoa with normal acrosome, and significantly higher (p≤0.01) ORT values. GSH-Px activity was higher (p≤0.05)

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Environmental Development
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Velocity fluctuations and turbulence of velocity in mountain rivers varys when the flow parameters change from free flow conditions to clogged cross-section. The first part of the paper is devoted to extending the description of turbulence intensity distribution in rough flow conditions. In the second part the effect of growth of ligneous water plants in the bed on turbulence intensity is presented.

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The effect of germination on the rate of formation of some endo- and exohydrolases, important in baking, in rye kernels was examined. Germination of the rye gave increase in a-amylase, endo-b-xylanase, endo-b-glucanase, b-xylosidase, a-arabinosidase, b-glucosidase as well as endo- and exopeptidases activities. The most intensive changes of activities in the group of examined enzymes were observed for a-amylase. b-amylase activity did not significantly increase on germination. The increase of endohydrolases activities in germinating rye kernels was much more markedly compared with activities of exohydrolases.

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Forestry
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An effective solution of complex spatial problems requires integration of different models, which describe functionality of nature systems with Geographical Information Systems (GIS). It requires support of typical spatial analyses procedures with results obtained from modelling these problems. Selection of modelling methods, which is used for the solution of a given spatial problem, depends on the complexity of the system being modelled and the degree to which the behaviour of the system is recognized.

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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The experiment tested the following entomopathogenic fungi isolated by the method of bait insects: Beauveria bassiana (Bb), Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Pf), which were obtained from a cultivated field (Bb I, Ma I, Pf I) and from a herbicide fallow belt (Bb II, Ma II, Pf II) in an apple orchard with a full program of plant protection. The fungi were inoculated on Sabouraud’s medium with an addition of fungicides: Atemi C 76 WG, Delan 700 WG, Captan 50 WP and Rubigan 12 EC in the following doses: one recommended in agricultural practice – (A), 10 times lower than the recommended one – (B) and 100 times lower than the recommended one (C). The studies showed that the effect of fungicides on entomopathogenic fungi was related to the active substance of the preparations while the toxic effect was most frequently directly proportional to their concentration in the soil. Fungus M. anisopliae was the most sensitive to the applied

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Veterinary Medicine
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The goal of this study was the comparison of rabies threat dimension in selected administrative districts of Pomerania and Warmian-Mazurian Provinces in the years of 1997-2001 in relation to humans and animals. The oral immunization of wild animals in Gdańsk administrative district began in 1995, while the immunization of foxes in Ostróda administrative district began as late as in 2001. One (1) case of rabid fox was diagnosed in 1997 in the area of Gdańsk administrative district. During the remaining discussed years no cases of rabies were noted in this area. In Ostróda administrative district, however, the rabies infection factor remains at a high level. In the years of 1997-2001, 104 cases were registered among wild animals and 49 cases among domestic animals. In 2001 the number of rabid animals from Ostróda administrative district fell of over a half in comparison to the year 2000. In the years of 1997-2001 in Gdańsk administrative district, 428 individuals had contact with an animal si

7(1) #04
01 Mar 2004
Wood Technology
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The study investigated deformations, stresses and the character of changes induced by the non-free shrinkage of beech timber specimens (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the radial direction, in the conditions of varied drying intensity. During the experiments, the program of intense drying (T=60°C, EMC=10%) and the program of moderate drying (T=40°C, EMC=15%) have been taken into consideration, and the values of the accepted timber shrinkage have been differentiated. The varied efficiency of the mechanical restraint of the timber specimens deformations has been obtained due to the use of dynamometers of various characteristics. The research results prove the relationship between the values of durable deformation and the values of accepted shrinkage

7(1) #05
01 Mar 2004
Agronomy
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The paper presents the results of research carried out over 1997-2000 which aimed at examining the possibility of replacing manure in potato fertilisation with intercrop companion crops and straw, without decreasing the tuber yield and its quality. In the experiment two factors were studied: I – fertilisation with intercrop companion crop (control, manure, birdsfoot trefoil, birdsfoot trefoil + Italian ryegrass, Italian ryegrass), II – straw fertilisation (without straw, with straw). In the first year after organic fertilisation table potatoes ‘Ania’ were cultivated. It is a mid-late cultivar, very high-yielding, of large high tubers, of multipurpose culinary use, and good taste. Out of all the intercrop companion crop combinations researched, the greatest amount of biomass was introduced into soil by Italian ryegrass, significantly less – by a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil and Italian ryegrass, and the least – birdsfoot trefoil. Potato fertilisation with intercrop companion crops increased

7(1) #05
01 Mar 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The aim of presented study was to estimate the influence of calving season, cow body weight, calf body weight at birth on body weights and daily gains of large calibre beef breeds calves, i.e. Charolaise and Simmental. Estimations were made of the effect on the body weight and daily body gain of calves of the following factors: cow genotype (purebred Charolaise or Simmental, 50% of Charolaise or Simmental genes), calving season (summer feeding: May-October, winter feeding: November-April), cow body weight (£550 kg, >550 kg), calf body weight at birth (£35 kg, >35 kg). The dam genotype had highly significant influence on calf body weight at birth. Pure-bred Charolaise cows delivered calves over 6 kg heavier than calves from Simmental ones. Mothers with 50% of Charolaise blood ratio delivered calves of higher by about 2 kg body weight than cows with 50% of Simmental blood share. Simmental calves obtained higher body weight

7(1) #05
01 Mar 2004
Environmental Development
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The aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of cadmium (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Cd · kg-1 soil) on phosphorus uptake in plants. Neutralising matter, including compost, brown coal, lime and bentonite, was introduced into the soil for a basic pot experiments. Correlation between the phosphorus content and the cadmium contamination in the soil, plant yield and the macro- and microelements content in the plants were determined. The effect of soil contamination with cadmium on the phosphorus content was related to the species and the organs of plants. High cadmium concentration in the soil caused the phosphorus content in the grain and roots of oats, in maize root and in the above-ground parts of yellow lupine to increase. Such a correlation was not observed for oats straw, roots of yellow lupine and above-ground parts and roots of radish. Soil supplementation with brown coal, lime and bentonite resulted in a decrease in the phosphorus content, whereas the supplement

7(1) #05
01 Mar 2004
Food Science and Technology
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The banana fruit (yellow peel with brown flecks) were used for producing canned banana desserts. In first part of the investigation 17 samples were considered for various pre-treatment methods of bananas. Sliced bananas were blanched (at 80-82°C for 120 s) or soaked (24 h) in sugar syrup (10%, 30% and 50%) with L-ascorbic (0.2%) or citric (0.8-1.0%) acids, acid sodium sulphite (0.2%) and calcium chloride (1%). On the basis of the first part of the experiment, the best combinations were selected for further investigation. In the second part of the experiment the determinations concerned the effect of technological measures on the level of physico-chemical indices and on the sensorial traits of the bananas. In this part of investigetion all the applied methods of pre-treatment of banana slices ensure the production of good quality canned products. The applied calcium chloride had the most favourable effect, improving the hardness and sensory quality.

7(1) #05
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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The chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were used as a method of assessing the influence of Tetranychus urticae feeding on photosynthetic apparatus of ‘Lobo’ and ‘Jester’ apple cultivars. The photochemical efficiency measured with such parameters like: the initial fluorescence (F0), the maximum fluorescence (Fm), the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm), and the area under the fluorescence curve (Sc) decreases continuously with increasing infestation by mites. The only parameter not influenced by mites feeding was the half-rise time from F0 to Fm (Tfm). Antennas of both ‘Lobo’ and ‘Jester’ cvs. were similarly injured by mites (comparable decrease of F0) but photochemical reactions of the harvested energy of ‘Jester’ leaves were less influenced by this pest (lower decrease for Fv/Fm). It suggests a higher tolerance of the photosynthetic apparatus of ‘

7(1) #05
01 Mar 2004
Wood Technology
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The presented study is of theoretical nature aiming to perform a numerical analysis of structural strength of skeleton furniture subjected to real useful loads. The objective of the performed investigations was to determine the state and distribution of stresses in the angle joint of a spatial structure of skeleton furniture. Experiments were carried out on dowel and tenon and mortise joints, which belong to the group of flat angle joints. The performed experiments allowed to develop a numerical model of a skeleton construction which was later used to perform calculations determining: reduced stresses according to the von Mises theory, tangential stresses in glue lines of dowel and tenon and mortise joints and tangential stresses in the wood of dowel joints. The results presented in this study are of cognitive nature. They determine values of stresses in joints of the loaded furniture piece and identify places with the greatest effort.

7(1) #06
01 Mar 2004
Agronomy
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A field 2-factor split-plot experiment was carried out over 1998-2000 at the Pawłowice Agricultural Experiment Station. The aim of the experiment was to define the reaction of three bean cultivars ‘Longina’, ‘Małopolanka’ and ‘Mela’ cultivated for dry seeds on foliar fertilisation with boron and molybdenum and their mixture. The length of bean vegetation period depended on the cultivar and weather conditions. Over the three-year research the longest vegetation period was recorded for ‘Longina’ (121 days), and shorter – ‘Małopolanka’ (118 days) and ‘Mela’ (115 days). Morphological features, seed yield, content of organic components and crude ash in seeds were differentiated mostly by genetic factor and much less considerably by fertilisation with microelements. Fertilising bean with molybdenum or molybdenum with boron applied at the beginning of flower buds forming resulted also in an increase, compared to the control, in the number of pods with seeds by 5% and seed weight per plant and the

7(1) #06
01 Mar 2004
Animal Husbandry
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The experimental fattening pigs (30-105 kg) were fed ad libitum diets containing rapeseed meal, according to “The Nutrient Requirements of Pigs” or the free-choice method (free access to two isoenergy diets with different protein concentrations). The experiment was performed on 24 crossbred pigs (♂ Duroc x ♀ Polish Landrace), divided into three feeding groups: group I – fed a cereal-soybean diet (1) containing 15.6% of total protein, group II – fed a cereal-rapeseed diet (2) containing 15.6% of total protein, group III – fed according to the free-choice system, with constant access to diet (3) and diet (4), containing 12.6 and 18.6% of total protein respectively. The experiment was conducted in an experimental pig house. The pigs were kept in litter boxes, two animals in each. The production results obtained were similar in all experimental groups. The feeding methods applied had no significant effect on the carcass parameters analyzed, meat quality and weights of int

7(1) #06
01 Mar 2004
Food Science and Technology
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From ewe’s milk four fermented milk products were made (yoghurt, bioyoghurt, sour milk, kefir) using the following starter culture: for yoghurt: YC-180 (S. thermophilus and L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus), bioyoghurt: ABT-1 (S. thermophilus, L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium species), sour milk: CH-N-11 (L .lactis ssp. cremoris, L. lactis ssp. lactis, L. lactis ssp. diacetylactis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris) and for kefir: DA (Lactobacillus ssp., Lactococcus ssp. and yeasts). Raw milk, pasteurised milk, as well as all the products were analysed when fresh, after 7 and 14 day of storage for determination of vitamin C and ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity and pH. The kind of starter culture affected the vitamin C content and ascorbic acid content in fresh fermented milks, while after 7 and 14 days of storage differences among fermented milks concerning vitamin C

7(1) #06
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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The North American species – Phyllonorycter robiniella (Clem.) – which mines the leaves of Robinia pseudoacacia L. was reported from Europe in 1993 for the first time. It was discovered in Poland in 1999. Caterpillars feeding cause premature leaf fall due to its desiccation, which negatively influence the aesthetic appearance of the trees.

7(1) #06
01 Mar 2004
Wood Technology
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This study investigated the changes in the supramolecular structure of pine wood cellulose in situ treated by various of doses gamma radiation (from 20 kGy to 9000 kGy). From the dose of 120 kGy the degree of crystallinity (xc) of wood cellulose slightly decreased, while at the dose of 500-4500 kGy dropped rapidly. At 9000 kGy occures a total degradation of cellulose, both crystalline and amorphous. Along with the increase in the gamma radiation of wood, both the crystallinity degree and the average size of the crystallites of cellulose decrease. The curve of changes in the crystallinity degree was similar to that of the changes in the average size of the crystallites of cellulose.

7(1) #07
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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The effect of the potato cultivation method (no covering, under Pegas Agro 17 agrotextile from planting to the plant height of 15 cm) and the level of nitrogen fertilization (without nitrogen, 30, 60, 90 kg N·ha-1) on the size and structure of the tuber yield of two very early potato cultivars (‘Aster’, ‘Drop’) was investigated. The potatoes were harvested after 60 and 75 days from planting.

7(1) #08
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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In the years 1999-2001 at August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań the selected characters of 18 local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) were tested. These were dwarf types grown for dry seeds. The tested materials came from submontane areas of Poland, Slovak and Ukraine. As the standard, the Polish cultivar ‘Igołomska’ was used. The following characters were evaluated: plant height, height of setting of the first pod, beginning and length of the blooming period, time needed to get useful and physiological ripenesses, mean number of pods per plant, total seed yield per plant, pod’s length and width, thickness of the pod`s wall, numbers of seeds per pod, seed colour and 1000 seeds weight. The resistance to antracnose [Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. et Magn) Briosi] and halo blight [Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burkh.) Young, Dye] were also evaluated. The tested materials` seeds were also evaluated for their tolerance to germination at 12&de

7(1) #09
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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The studies concerned the effect of green manure and soil liming on the yielding of rooted celery, ‘Edward’ cv. Celeries were cultivated directly after organic fertilization. The plants intended for green manure were sown in July and they were ploughed over in October. The yielding of celery was related to the weather conditions in particular years of the experiment. The highest yields of celery were obtained in 2002. A significant influence on the yield of storage roots and the leaves of rooted celery was exerted by soil liming and the kind of applied organic fertilizer. A higher yield of callosities - both total and commercial – was obtained on the soil where the carbonate lime fertilizer was used. The best yields were obtained of celeries cultivated after ploughing in faba bean and manure. Green manure in the form of phacelia, rye and winter vetch had a similar or greater yield-forming effect than rye straw in the quantity of 6 t·ha-1. Joint application of soil liming and orga

7(1) #10
01 Mar 2004
Horticulture
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Free polyphenolic acids content in four cauliflower cultivars – ‘Panther’, ‘Isabel’ F1, ‘Amfora’ F1 (cultivars with green curds) and ‘Coleman’ (cultivar with a white curd) was examined in 2001-2002. Cauliflowers were grown for harvest in spring, summer or autumn. The influence of gas composition of atmosphere during 6-week storage in a cold store (at the ambient atmosphere and at CA 5% CO2 + 3% O2) on polyphenolic acids content in cauliflowers harvested in autumn was also examined. Polyphenolic acids content was affected by period of growing and cultivar. Their concentration varied from 1.2 to 1.8 mg·g-1 of f.w. (means of the two years). The highest polyphenolic acids concentration was found in cv. ‘Amfora’ F1 and the lowest in cv. ‘Coleman’. During storage of cauliflowers polyphenolic acids concentration decreased. However, CA conditions inhibited to some degree changes in polyphenolic acids concentration i


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