Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities (EJPAU) founded by all Polish Agriculture Universities presents original papers and review articles relevant to all aspects of agricultural sciences. It is target for persons working both in science and industry,regulatory agencies or teaching in agricultural sector. Covered by IFIS Publishing (Food Science and Technology Abstracts), ELSEVIER Science - Food Science and Technology Program, CAS USA (Chemical Abstracts), CABI Publishing UK and ALPSP (Association of Learned and Professional Society Publisher - full membership). Presented in the Master List of Thomson ISI.
2004
Volume 7
Issue 1
Topic:
Horticulture
ELECTRONIC
JOURNAL OF
POLISH
AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITIES
Roman H. , Bralewski T. , Fiebig M. , Bocian S. 2004. VARIABILITY OF SELECTED CHARACTERS OF 18 LOCAL POPULATIONS OF BEAN (Phaseolus ssp.), EJPAU 7(1), #08.
Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume7/issue1/horticulture/art-08.html

VARIABILITY OF SELECTED CHARACTERS OF 18 LOCAL POPULATIONS OF BEAN (PHASEOLUS SSP.)

Hołubowicz Roman, Tomasz W. Bralewski, Maria Fiebig, Sławomir Bocian

 

ABSTRACT

In the years 1999-2001 at August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań the selected characters of 18 local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) were tested. These were dwarf types grown for dry seeds. The tested materials came from submontane areas of Poland, Slovak and Ukraine. As the standard, the Polish cultivar ‘Igołomska’ was used. The following characters were evaluated: plant height, height of setting of the first pod, beginning and length of the blooming period, time needed to get useful and physiological ripenesses, mean number of pods per plant, total seed yield per plant, pod’s length and width, thickness of the pod`s wall, numbers of seeds per pod, seed colour and 1000 seeds weight. The resistance to antracnose [Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. et Magn) Briosi] and halo blight [Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burkh.) Young, Dye] were also evaluated. The tested materials` seeds were also evaluated for their tolerance to germination at 12&de

Key words: bean, Phaseolus ssp., local population.

INTRODUCTION

In resent years, there has been an increasing interest in the world for gene banks [7]. They are found by countries leading in plant breeding as very valuable sources of variability and protection of one’s own germplasm. Collections of husbandry important agricultural and horticultural species are also carried out by large seed companies for breeding purposes. Especially valuable accessions in such collections are local cultivars and populations. They have been found to be precious and useful starting material for breeding works [21].

In 1984, at August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań, the working collection was established for common (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and runner (Phaseolus coccineus L.) beans. The collection is a part of the National Gene Bank kept by the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization in Radzików near Warsaw. In 2003 the collection had over 1000 accessions [6]. Most of them are local populations collected during research expeditions carried out by Polish scientists to Slovak, Czech, Ukraine and China. Part of the accessions also came from exchanging materials with other gene banks in the US, Germany and France. In the early 90s, there were at least 23 large professional collections of common bean in the world [5].

The main goal of this research was to determine the variability of selected characters of 18 local populations of bean.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiments were carried out in the years 1999-2001 at Agricultural Experiment Station – Baranowo, which belongs to August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań. The research was done on the selected accessions from the collection. These were 18 local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) of a dwarf type grown for dry seeds. They came from submontane areas of Poland (BES, ZAM), Slovak (SLOKAR, SLOKYS, SLOSIT) and Ukraine (UKR, UKAR). The accession UKAR 156 was not even. It consisted of large, black (fig. 1) and smaller, brown seeds. The first ones germinated typically for runner bean, the latter – for common bean. The Polish cultivar ‘Igołomska’ was used as a standard.

Each of the population was grown on fair soil created from clayey sands placed on light clay with the humus level of 0.9-1.0%, on the plot of the sizes 2.5 × 2 m. On the field, green maturing was used prior to growing beans, facelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth., Hydrophyllaceae) was grown over summer, next in autumn, it was ploughed in. In the years before growing beans: onion grown for seeds, cabbage and potatoes were grown in the first, second and the third year, respectively.

The observations included the most important morphological characters of the populations, their phenological stages and some yielding parameters and resistance to antracnose [Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. et Magn) Briosi] and halo blight [Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Burkh.) Young, Dye] were carried out on 10 randomized plants. There were the following characters tested: a plants` height, measured from the soil level to the highest point of the plant, the height of the set of the first (lowest) pod, a total number of pods on a plant and a total fresh weight of seeds per 1 plant. Characters concerning a pod were measured on 30 selected pods in the stage of their processing use. At this stage, the pods were light yellow with hard seeds. At the phenological observations, the beginning of blooming was described when 50% of plants had blooming flowers, whereas the end – when 50% of the flowers had completed their blooming. Additionally, seeds of the tested pop ulations were evaluated for their tolerance to germinate at 12°C. Ten seeds were placed in the blotter paper rulons soaked with the distilled water and placed at 12°C in the darkness. The test was run in 8 replications: each of 10 seeds. After 10 days, the percentages of germinating healthy seeds, germinating, infected ones, ungerminated, healthy ones and the dead ones were counted.

The weather conditions for bean seed production at Agricultural Experiment Station Baranowo in the years of carrying out the experiment were medium favourable to favourable. In 1999, there were strong rains in June and July, but temperature was higher than the mean value for the last 10 years. The rains at first helped vegetation but then complicated drying the seeds and their harvest. In 2000, in turn, the spring was hot and very dry what slowed down the plants` vegetation, then heavy rains at the beginning of July lowered pollination efficiency but eventually helped setting seeds in bean pods and the final seed harvest was good. In 2001, spring was relatively warm but very dry. The summer was medium hot, in comparison to the mean value for the last ten years. Heavy rains in August and September together with lower than average temperatures made the seed harvest long and difficult.

For the received results, the variance was calculated. The smallest significant differences were calculated based on the Duncan’s range test at the significance level of α = 0.05.

RESULTS

Out of the tested populations, 2 were higher than the others (tab. 1). All the accessions had the same height of setting the first pod on the plant. However, there were some tendencies here amongst the 2 populations. SLOSIT 116 and ZAM 6 had set pods slightly lower, whereas UKR 220 – slightly higher – than all the other accessions tested. The time of beginning the flowering was the same for all the tested accessions with a tendency to be a little earlier for SLOKYS 071 and little later for UKR 220. Some differences were observed in the length of the blooming period. It varied from 13.7 days to 30.3 days. SLOKAR 453 and UKAR 156 came into the blooming period later than the standard cultivar – ‘Igołomska’. It means that all the other populations reached this stage evenly. The ripeness for use for the tested accessions and the standards was reached at the same time. The only acceptation here was the population SLOKYS 071, which seeds were ripen earlier than the standard s eeds. The physiological maturity of the 10 tested accessions for all the tested populations was reached at the same time as the standard population. Seven populations: SLOKYS 071, SLOSIT 021, SOLSIT 134, SLOSIT 173, BES 033, UKR 220 and ZAM 6, had only tendency to be earlier than the standard and one population – the UKAR 156 – had a tendency to be later. The mean number of pods per plant was a very stable character and did not differ from the standard. The only acception here was the Slovak population SLOKAR 453, which plants had higher mean number of pods per plant than the standard cultivar ‘Igołomska’. The accession SLOKAR 427A had a tendency to have slightly lower number of pods per plant. All but one population had seed yield per 1 plant the same as the standard seeds. The acception here was SLOKAR 453, which yielded higher than the standard cultivar. The following populations had a tendency of higher yielding than the standard cultivar: SLOSIT 173 (132.2%) and UKAR 156 (139.4%), and lower yielding: SLO KAR 427A (53.1%) and SLOKYS 071 (54.4%) (tab. 1).

Table 1. Characteristics of 18 local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) of dwarf type used for dry seeds. Means of the years 1999-2001

Accession
number1

Number in the gene bank2

Level of the resistance to3

Plants` height (cm)

Height of setting of the first pod (cm)

Beginning of the flowering (number of days from sowing)

Length of the blooming period (days)

Time till getting full ripeness (number of days from sowing)

Mean
number of pods per plant

Seeds yeld per plant (g)

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

for use

physiological

SLOKAR 405

180455

5.7 a4

6.4 bc

50.8 a

18.6 ab

50.0 ab

17.0 ab

63.0 b

104.7ab

12.3ab

20.1 a-c

SLOKAR427A

180460

7.7a

5.0 ab

50.0 a

21.6 ab

47.7 ab

13.7 a

67.7 b

103.0 ab

8.2a

16.3 a

SLOKAR 453

180471

6.4 a

6.4 bc

86.3 b

19.4 ab

49.3 ab

30.3 d

70.3 b

115.3 ab

26.5d

78.6 d

SLOKAR 480

180497

6.4 a

5.0 ab

49.8 a

17.4 ab

43.3 ab

19.3 a-d

62.3 b

102.0 ab

8.8ab

28.6 a-c

SLOKAR 535

180482

6.4 a

6.4 bc

49.9 a

22.1 ab

46.0 ab

21.3 a-d

63.0 b

103.7 ab

9.2ab

22.4 a-c

SLOKYS 071

180582

6.4 a

4.4 a

49.2 a

17.2 ab

34.3 a

14.7 a

49.0 a

98.0 a

8.7ab

16.4 a

SLOSIT 021

180527

7.0 a

5.7 a-c

54.6 a

31.7 ab

45.3 ab

16.0 ab

67.7 b

97.7 a

12.6ab

20.2 a-c

SLOSIT 114

180541

7.0 a

7.0 c

50.8 a

20.2 ab

39.3 ab

21.0 a-d

67.7 b

100.3 ab

12.6ab

22.7 a-c

SLOSIT 116

180542

7.7 a

7.0 c

47.9 a

13.3 a

39.7 ab

24.0 a-d

64.0 b

100.3 ab

11.7ab

22.4 a-c

SLOSIT 134

180553

5.7 a

6.4 bc

51.0 a

22.5 ab

43.3 ab

16.7 ab

67.0 b

93.0 a

10.5ab

17.4 ab

SLOSIT 152

180558

6.4 a

5.7 a-c

58.5 a

22.7 ab

43.0 ab

21.3 a-d

67.3 b

109.3 ab

16.9bc

28.4 a-c

SLOSIT 165

180563

7.0 a

5.7 a-c

54.4 a

21.5 ab

43.7 ab

16.0 ab

66.7 b

102.0 ab

16.1a-c

25.4 a-c

SLOSIT 173

180565

5.7 a

5.7 a-c

51.2 a

21.8 ab

40.3 ab

21.7 a-d

68.3 b

92.7 a

16.4a-c

40.6 bc

UKR 007

180586

7.0 a

4.4 a

55.3 a

26.7 ab

39.3 ab

24.0 a-d

68.0 b

102.0 ab

8.4ab

17.7 ab

UKR 220

180609

7.0 a

5.7 a-c

90.6 b

34.7 b

58.0 b

26.3 b-d

67.7 b

96.3 a

14.3a-c

31.9 a-c

BES 033

180506

7.0 a

5.0 ab

45.8 a

17.3 ab

46.0 ab

18.7 a-c

67.0 b

96.3 a

11.4ab

19.1 a-c

ZAM 6

180625

7.7 a

7.0 c

45.2 a

15.7 a

38.3 ab

22.0 a-d

68.3 b

97.3 a

13.0ab

19.4 a-c

UKAR 156

180421

7.7 a

7.0 c

58.9 a

30.9 ab

49.7 ab

29.3 cd

72.7 b

123.7 b

21.7cd

42.8 c

Igołomska(standard)

-

6.4 a

6.4 bc

49.2 a

20.3 ab

35.3 ab

17.7 ab

69.0 b

102.3 ab

16.5a-c

30.7a-c

1 origin: Poland (BES, ZAM), Slovak (SLOKAR, SLOKYS, SLOSIT), Ukraine (UKR, UKAR)
2 located at the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization in Radzików near Warsaw
3 degree of resistance: 1 – very low, over 75% of the infected plants, 3 – low, 51-75% of the infected plants, 5 – medium, 26-50% of the infected plants, 7 – high, up to 25% of the infected plants, 9 – very high, lack of the infected plants
4 Means followed in the column by the some letters are not significantly different following the Duncan’s test for α = 0.05

All the tested populations had the same resistance to antracnose. With the resistance to halo blight, the variation was slightly better: SLOKYS 071 and UKAR 007 had worse resistance to the disease whereas 4 populations: SLOSIT 114, SLOSIT 116, ZAM 6 and UKAR 156 had a tendency to be less susceptible than the standard cultivar.

The table 2 contains the results concerning the structure of the yielding. There was a big variability of length and width of the pods of the tested populations. One population – BES 033 – had longer pods than the standard, whereas two populations: SLOKAR 535 and SLOSIT 116 had shorter pods than the Igołomska cultivar. The population SLOKAR 405 had a tendency to have shorter pods than the standard. The width of pods was found to be a rather stable character of the tested populations. Only one of them – UKAR 156 – had bigger width than the standard cultivar’s pods. One of them, though – BES 033 – had a tendency to have this character smaller and 6 others: SLOKAR 480, SLOKYS 071, SLOSIT 116, SLOSIT 152, SLOSIT 173 and UKR 007 – had a tendency to have wider pods than the standard cultivar. No differences in the thickness of the pod’s wall were observed in comparison with the standard cultivar. Six populations tested had lower number of seeds per pod than the pods of the s tandard variety. These were: SLOKAR 405, SLOKAR 427A, SLOKYS 071, SLOSIT 152, UKR 007 and UKAR 156 (tab. 2). All the rest of the tested populations had a tendency to have lower number of seeds per pod. The best, in terms of having the least difference in comparison to the standard, were 3 populations: SLOSIT 134, SLOSIT 173 and ZAM 6.

Table 2. Characteristics of pods and seeds of 18 local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) of dwarf type used for dry seeds. Means of the years 1999-2001

Accession number1

Number in the gene bank2

Pod

Numbers of seeds per pod

Colour of seeds

Weight
of 1000
seeds, g

length, cm

width, mm

thickness
of the pod`s wall, mm

SLOKAR 405

180455

10.0 a-c3

12.8 a-c

2.1 a

3.6 a-c

olive

449.5 a-d

SLOKAR427A

180460

13.2 gh

13.1 a-c

2.0 a

3.8 a-d

dark cherry

497.3 a-d

SLOKAR 453

180471

11.6 c-h

12.1 ab

1.9 a

3.9 a-e

creamy with a cherry mosaic

642.9 d

SLOKAR 480

180497

11.4 c-g

13.6 bc

2.0 a

4.4 b-e

light brown with a cherry mosaic

538.2 a-d

SLOKAR 535

180482

9.0 ab

12.8 a-c

2.3 a

3.9 a-e

creamy with a violet mosaic

528.3 a-d

SLOKYS 071

180582

11.5 c-h

13.8 bc

2.1 a

3.5 ab

light brown

547.9 a-d

SLOSIT 021

180527

12.1 d-h

10.6 ab

2.2 a

4.1 a-e

pink

363.7 ab

SLOSIT 114

180541

12.8 e-h

13.1 a-c

1.6 a

4.5 b-e

light brown with a cherry mosaic

461.2 a-d

SLOSIT 116

180542

8.6 a

13.4 bc

2.0 a

3.9 a-e

ashen with a violet mosaic

474.2 a-d

SLOSIT 134

180553

11.5 c-h

10.7 ab

2.8 a

4.8 de

black with a violet mosaic

331.9 a

SLOSIT 152

180558

12.1 d-h

13.5 bc

2.0 a

3.7 a-c

beige

624.2 cd

SLOSIT 165

180563

13.4 h

12.6 ab

1.9 a

4.7 c-e

light brown with a cherry mosaic

437.1 a-d

SLOSIT 173

180565

12.9 f-h

13.3 bc

2.2 a

4.8 de

white with a cherry mosaic

475.7 a-d

UKR 007

180586

11.1 c-f

13.7 bc

2.4 a

3.3 a

white with a brown hilum

619.7 b-d

UKR 220

180609

10.7 b-d

11.6 ab

1.8 a

4.5 b-e

white

358.5 a

BES 033

180506

15.7 i

9.4 a

2.3 a

4.2 a-e

black

382.4 a-c

ZAM 6

180625

10.9 c-e

11.2 ab

2.2 a

4.8 de

white

302.6 a

UKAR 156

180421

11.6 c-h

16.3 c

2.5 a

3.8 a-d

black-brown

1006.8 e

‘Igołomska’
(standard)

-

11.7 c-h

10.7 ab

2.5 a

5.0 e

white

415.6 a-d

origin: Poland (BES, ZAM), Slovak (SLOKAR, SLOKYS, SLOSIT), Ukraine (UKR, UKAR)
2 located at the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization in Radzików near Warsaw
3 Means followed in the column by the some letters are not significantly different following the Duncan’s test for α = 0.05

There was a big variability in colour of the seeds of the evaluated populations. Their colour varied from purily white till completely black (fig. 1 and 2). That was also accompanied by differences in the seeds` shape, size and 1000 seeds weight (fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Seeds of the local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) of dwarf type used for dry seeds with different colour of their testa and seed size

Fig. 2. Seeds of the local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) of dwarf type used for dry seeds with different colour of their testa

The 1000 seeds weight results were the same as for the standard cultivar and only for 1 populations – UKAR 156 – they differed significantly. Although, its seeds were not even. There were also 3 populations: ZAM 6, UKR 220 and SLOSIT 134 which had a tendency to have smaller seeds than the standard cultivar and 1 population – SLOKAR 453 – with a tendency to have the least difference in 1000 seeds weight in comparison to the standard seeds (tab. 2).

Table 3. Seed germination at 12°C of 18 local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.) of dwarf type used for dry seeds

Accessionnumber1

Number inthe genebank2

Germinating healthy seeds

Germinating infected seeds

Ungerminating, healthy seeds

Dead
seeds

%

SLOKAR 405

180455

99 ef 3

0 a

1 a

0 a

SLOKAR427A

180460

82 b

0 a

0 a

18 c

SLOKAR 453

180471

94 c-f

1 a

0 a

5 ab

SLOKAR 480

180497

95 d-f

0 a

0 a

5 ab

SLOKAR 535

180482

100 f

0 a

0 a

0 a

SLOKYS 071

180582

100 f

0 a

0 a

0 a

SLOSIT 021

180527

84 bc

0 a

0 a

16 c

SLOSIT 114

180541

87 b-d

0 a

0 a

13 bc

SLOSIT 116

180542

100 f

0 a

0 a

0 a

SLOSIT 134

180553

91 b-f

0 a

0 a

9 a-c

SLOSIT 152

180558

89 b-e

1 a

0 a

10 a-c

SLOSIT 165

180563

100 f

0 a

0 a

0 a

SLOSIT 173

180565

100 f

0 a

0 a

0 a

UKR 007

180586

99 ef

0 a

0 a

1 a

UKR 220

180609

97 d-f

0 a

1 a

2 a

BES 033

180506

95 d-f

1 a

0 a

4 ab

ZAM 6

180625

99 e-f

0 a

0 a

1 a

UKAR 156

180421

67 a

0 a

0 a

33 d

‘Igołomska’
(standard)

-

89 b-e

1 a

0 a

10 a-c

1 origin: Poland (BES, ZAM), Slovak (SLOKAR, SLOKYS, SLOSIT), Ukraine (UKR, UKAR)
2 located at the Institute of Plant Breeding and Acclimatization in Radzików near Warsaw
3 Means followed in the column by the some letters are not significantly different following the Duncan’s test for α = 0.05

The table 3 contains the results of germinating seeds of the tested populations at 12°C. There was a big variability in germination capacity of the seeds of the tested populations. This value, of germinating, healthy seeds, hesitated from 67 to 100%. All populations had very low percentages of germinating, infected and ungerminating, unhealthy seeds. No differences with the standard seeds were found there. One population though – UKAR 156 – had higher than the standard seeds percentage of dead seeds and three other populations had a tendency to have higher than the standard cultivar percentage of dead seeds (tab. 3). Seeds of the 5 populations: Slovak: SLOKAR 535, SLOKYS 071, SLOSIT 116, SLOSIT 165 and SLOSIT 173 had the samllest sensibility to the low temperature; they germinated completely at 12°C.

DISCUSSION

Importance of use of wild species of bean (Phaseolus sp.) in breeding works has been known for sometime. In recent years, this has been extended to use of local populations of the cultivated beans. The seed company breeders prefer today to work with local populations of beans mostly due to their closer genetic relation to commercial cultivars. This, in turn, is a result of speeding up breeding works to meet increasing competition on the seed market [9].

The carried out evaluation clearly showed that there is a variability in the tested populations, so welcome amongst bean breeders [17, 20]. Although, their seeds are slightly smaller than the standard cultivar Igołomska and they, in many cases, had lower number of seeds per pod, still they have very desired by contemporary breeders characters such as similar to the standard cultivar 1000 seeds weight, some level of resistance to halo blight and, what is even more important today, high potential of germination at suboptimal temperatures. The last character can be already today used in a common practice: there is a urgent need to develop a common bean cultivar with good seed germination for pod production to be forced under unheated plastic tunnels. Research in this area includes both theory and practice [14, 15, 18].

The received results did not answer the question whether the seeds of the tested populations which completely germinated at 12°C, could germinate at lower temperatures. Common bean seeds of some cultivars and lines can germinate at 8-10°C [4, 10, 13]. This, hower does not nesessairily mean that their seedlings will be able to survive cold and grow at suboptimal conditions [11].

Another interesting observation that may come out of this research is a relation of colour of the bean seed testa with some useful characters. Common bean lines with cold tolerance used in breeding works by Silbernagel [16], Klein [12], Baumuk-Wende [1] and Hołubowicz [8] had small, dark or black seeds. In some way, this observation has been confirmed by our results. None of the 5 populations with the highest germination at suboptimal temperatures has seeds completely white. On the other hand, also the UKAR 156 seeds, with the poorest germination at 12°C, are dark and brown. The dark colour of common bean seeds is also related with better vigor of seeds [3] and their resistance to diseases [2, 19].

The described in this paper local populations can be use in a breeding programme for selected characters, e.g. mechanical harvesting or/and disease resistance. Traditional commercial cultivars collections are becoming less and less efficient. With so many materials collected in the world, there is an increasing probability that new collected materials will carry alleles and genes to be found in already existing accessions. In these circumstances, the importance of wild and local populations input into breeding achievements increases [2].

CONCLUSIONS

  1. Three years long observations made possible to describe 18 local populations of the bean (Phaseolus ssp.) morphological characters, phenological stages, yielding structure, resistance to antrancnose and helo blight and seed germination at 12°C.

  2. The carried out research made possible to select local populations of bean (Phaseolus ssp.), which could be a source of valuable characters in breeding new cultivars.

REFERENCES

  1. Baumuk-Wende E., 1982. Responses of species hybrid seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L. × Phaseolus coccineus L.) to low temperature conditions during germination, XXI st Intern. Hort. Con. 1, 1509 (abstract).

  2. Brown A. D. H., Marschall D. R., Frankel O. H., Willams J. T., 1989. The Use of Plant Genetic Resources. Cambridge Univ. Press., Cambridge, Sydney.

  3. Deakin J. R., 1974. Association of seed color with emergence and seed yield of snap bean. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 99, 110-114.

  4. Dickson M. H., 1971. Breeding beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L, for improved germination under unfavorable low temperature conditions. Crop Sci. 11: 848-50.

  5. Duczmal K. W., Dorna H., Rzepczyk T., 1991. The world genetic resources of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Proc. 1 st. All-Polish Working Group Session on Bean Breeding and Seed Crops, Baranowo, July 4, 1991, 1-5.

  6. Fiebig M., 1991. The Phaseolus collection in Baranowo. Proc. 1st All – Polish Working Group Session on Bean Breeding and Seed Crops, 4 July 1991, Baranowo, Poznań.

  7. Ford-Lloyd B., Jackson M., 1986. Plant Genetic Resources. An Introduction to their Conservation and Use. Edward Arnold Publ.

  8. Hołubowicz R., 1985. Reakcja fasoli na nisk± temperaturę w badaniach laboratoryjnych i polowych [Responses of common bean to low temperature in the field and laboratory tests]. Ph.D. theses at Agricultury University of Poznań [in Polish].

  9. Hołubowicz R., 1999. Marketing nasion [Seed Marketing]. Manual for students of August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań [in Polish].

  10. Hołubowicz R., Bralewski T. W., Hołubowicz T., 2002. Uzyskanie linii fasoli zwyczajnej (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) o podwyższonej tolerancji na chłód [Receiving common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding lines with increased tolerance to cold]. Ann. Rep. of the project ordered by the Polish Min. of Agric. and Rural Devel. Unpublished [in Polish].

  11. Hołubowicz R., Legutko W., 1995. Low temperature tolerance of French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Folia Hort. 7, 27-36.

  12. Klein W., 1981. Ergebnisse zum Vererbungs-modus der Kältetolerantz bei Phaseolus vulgaris L. Tag.-Ber. Akad. Landwirtsch.-Wiss. DDR, Berlin. 191, 127-131.

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  14. Matti R. K., Singh V. P., Arreola E. S., Chirino Y. S., 2002. Physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms of resistance of Phaseolus vulgaris L bean and other related crops to drought, high and low temperature and salinity – a review. Crop Res. 24, 205-241.

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Hołubowicz Roman, Tomasz W. Bralewski
Department of Horticultural Seed Science
Technology and Nursery, Faculty of Horticulture
August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań
Baranowo, PrzeĽmierowo 62-081, Poland
e-mail: seed@au.poznan.pl
twbseed@interia.pl

Maria Fiebig
Agricultural Experiment Station – Baranowo
August Cieszkowski Agricultural University of Poznań
Baranowo, PrzeĽmierowo 62-081, Poland

Sławomir Bocian
PlantiCo – Gołębiew
Horticultural Plant Breeding and Seed Production Company Ltd
99-300 Kutno, Poland


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