Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities (EJPAU) founded by all Polish Agriculture Universities presents original papers and review articles relevant to all aspects of agricultural sciences. It is target for persons working both in science and industry,regulatory agencies or teaching in agricultural sector. Covered by IFIS Publishing (Food Science and Technology Abstracts), ELSEVIER Science - Food Science and Technology Program, CAS USA (Chemical Abstracts), CABI Publishing UK and ALPSP (Association of Learned and Professional Society Publisher - full membership). Presented in the Master List of Thomson ISI.
2003
Volume 6
Issue 2
Topic:
Agronomy
ELECTRONIC
JOURNAL OF
POLISH
AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITIES
Stankiewicz C. , Gruszecka D. , Steć E. , Mitrus J. , Walo P. , Kamecki M. 2003. EFFECT OF INTERACTION OF PARENTAL COMPONENTS ON THE CONTENT OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN TRITICALE GRAIN, EJPAU 6(2), #06.
Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume6/issue2/agronomy/art-06.html

EFFECT OF INTERACTION OF PARENTAL COMPONENTS ON THE CONTENT OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN TRITICALE GRAIN

Czesław Stankiewicz, Daniela Gruszecka, Ewa Steć, Joanna Mitrus, Piotr Walo, Marek Kamecki

 

ABSTRACT

The research defined the effect of parent components of rye, ‘Donar’ cultivar, and wheat cultivars, ‘Aurora’ and ‘Liwilla’, on the content of total protein and protein amino acid composition of grain of primary forms of octoploid triticale (♀Aurora x ♂Donar, ♀Liwilla x ♂Donar). There was also determined the effect of crossing of the octoploid triticale forms obtained with hexaploid triticale CZR142/79 on the chemical characteristics (qualitative). The results obtained showed that primary forms of octoploid triticale contained more protein in grain than the parent plants. It can give a potential in further breeding work of giving high-protein high-starch cultivars. Both forms of octoploid triticale showed a higher level of lysine. Also the marked amino acids show that the biological value protein of triticale ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ was more similar to wheat protein, which points to a considerable effect of components derived from the basic form on the nutritional value o

Key words: triticale, protein, amino acids..

INTRODUCTION

The domestic breeding researches into triticale aim mainly at creating cultivars of adequately high fertility [3,13]. The combination of positive characters of wheat and rye in triticale grain can limit rye cultivation, especially in soils of very good rye complex and rye good complex. In the process of breeding new triticale cultivars it is essential to make a possibly earliest selection towards the level and biological value of protein and the qualification of nutritional applicability of the parent material. At the stage of synthesis of the primary octoploid triticale, data on the content of protein and amino acids can make the selection of the parent material easier as a donor of these characteristics. Cytogenetic and physiological instability of octoploid triticale results in this form is no practically cultivated in Poland. However with an inadequate selection, it is used to obtain high-yielding cultivars of secondary hexapolid triticale. For that reason the evaluation of the nutritiv e value of selected octoploid triticale forms and their parental components can help to obtain from still ‘evolutionary young’ fodder grain cereal species [2,8].

The aim of the present research was to define the effect of parental components (♀ hexaploid ‘Aurora’, ‘Liwilla’ wheat and ♂ diploid ‘Donar’ rye) on the content of total protein and the composition of amino acids of octoploid triticale grain protein. Also there was defined the effect of hexaploid CZR-142/78 triticale (octoploid triticale x ‘Grana’ wheat not containing genomes of tetraploid wheat but exclusively hexaploid AABB) on the content of the researched compounds in octoploid triticale.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The research included grain obtained from the glasshouse of the Institute of Genetics and Plant Breeding, the Agricultural University in Lublin. The research material was divided into two crossing combinations (Table 1). Primary octoploid triticale was created due to pollination of two cultivars of hexaploid wheat (‘Aurora’, ‘Liwilla’) with pollen of diploid rye (‘Donar’). The primary forms of octoploid triticale obtained were additionally pollinated with pollen of hexaploid triticale CZR142/79 which showed high-yield values.

Table 1. Cereals crossing combinations

Combination I

Combination II

Wheat (6x) Aurora

Wheat (6x) Liwilla

Rye (2x) Donar

Rye (2x) Donar

Triticale (8x) Aurora x Donar

Triticale (8x) Liwilla x Donar

Triticale (6x) CZR142/79

Triticale (6x) CZR142/79

Triticale (8x x 6x) Aurora x Donar x CZR142/79

Triticale (8x x 6x) Liwilla x Donar x CZR142/79

Grain was harvested at full cereal ripening stage. The grain sample of 50 g was crushed with grinder. Total protein was defined from total nitrogen, using the protein conversion factor 5.70. Total nitrogen was determined with the Kjeldahl method [8,9]. Amino acids were determined with ion-exchange chromatography using autoanalyser of amino acids AAA-881. Grain samples prior to analysis were treated with a formic acid and hydrogen peroxide (9:1) solution and hydrogen bromide (40%) to transform methionine into MeSO2, and cysteine into CySO3H. Having completed the vaporisation, hydrolysis of 6n HCl was carried out at 120°C over 20 hours. After hydrolysis, the excessive amount of hydrochloric acid was vaporised, and diluted to 25 cm3 [7,8,9]. All the chemical analyses were made in three replications. The evaluation of significance of differences in the chemical composition researched was made with variance analysis in completely randomised design and Duncan test at the significance level of P = 95% [6].

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The content of total protein in grain of the researched combination of crossings is given in Figs. 1-2. Octoploid triticale forms contained significantly more protein as compared with the parent plants. Crossing octoploid triticale ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ with hexaploid triticale CZR-142/79 significantly decreased the protein content in grain. However the content of total protein in octoploid triticale grain ‘Aurora’ x ‘Donar’, after being crossed with CZR-149/79 line did not undergo significant changes. The present research results obtained do not fully coincide with the results reported by some authors [10,14]. According to reports by Żurek et al. [14] the lowest content of total protein was observed in rye grain, while the highest – triticale grain. The content of protein in wheat grain was intermediate, while Sudba et al. [10] claim that the content of total protein in triticale grain of lines and cultivars remains similar to that of wheat and is high er than that of rye.

Fig. 1. Content of total protein in cereal grain – combination I
A – Aurora wheat,
C – CZR 142/79 triticale,
D – Donar rye, (A x D) x C – triticale,
A x D – triticale Aurora x Donar
Columns marked with the same letters did not differ significantly at P = 95%

Fig. 2. Content of total protein in cereal grain – combination II
L– Liwilla wheat,
C– CZR 142/79 triticale,
D – Donar rye, (Lx D) x C – triticale,
Lx D – Liwilla x Donar triticale
Columns marked with the same letters did not differ significantly at P = 95%

One of the methods leading to obtaining high-protein cultivars is the selection of the adequate parent material. The present research confirms that relationship. Also Larter et al. [4] presented the effect of parental forms on the content of protein in grain of primary hexaploids. The authors showed that the effect of tetraploid wheat is much stronger here than the effect of rye inbred lines used in crossing, although it was also significant.

A special importance for the biological value of triticale protein is attributed to exogenous amino acids, with lysine being one of the most important amino acids defining the fodder value of triticale grain [8,9,10,11,12,14]. The content of amino acids in the protein of cereals researched is presented in Tables 2-3. ‘Aurora’ x ‘Donar’ triticale grain protein did not show significant differences in the contents of lysine and valine as compared with the protein of ‘Aurora’ wheat and ‘Donar’ rye. Neither were there observed significant differences between octoploid triticale protein and wheat in their contents of arginine, CySO3H, MeSO2, threonine, serine, glutamic acid and valine. Octoploid triticale protein contained significantly less aspartic acid, glycine, alanine, isoleucine and phenylalanine and contained more slightly proline and leucine than the wheat grain protein. Octoploid triticale protein, as compared with rye pro tein did not differ significantly in their content of CySO3H, MeSO2, threonine, proline, glycine, methionine and phenylalanine. Additionally, as compared with the protein of rye grain, the triticale protein ‘Aurora’ x ‘Donar’ showed higher contents of: arginine, serine, glutamic acid and leucine and a lower level of aspartic acid, alanine and isoleucine. All that shows that the protein of octoploid triticale grain is similar in its contents of arginine, serine, and glutamic acid to rye grain protein and in the contents of proline, glycine and phenylalanine to wheat grain content.

Table 2. Content of amino acids in cereal protein grain, g·100 g of protein-1 – combination I

Amino acids

Cereals

Wheat
Aurora

Triticale
Aurora x Donar

Rye
Donar

Triticale
(Aurora x Donar) x CZR142/79

Triticale
CZR142/79

Lys

3.36 a2

3.65 a4

3.80 a5

3.51 a3

3.28 a1

Arg

3.50 b1

3.88 b3

2.56 a2

3.76 b2

2.49 a1

CySO3H

2.61 a5

1.55 a4

1.45 a2

1.51 a3

1.43 a1

Asp

6.03 c1

5.54 b2

6.46 d1

4.17 a1

5.41 b1

MeSO2

2.07 b2c2

2.14 c1

2.25 c2

1.29 a1

1.90 b1

Thr

1.91 a2b2

1.98 b1

2.13 b3

1.79 a1

2.03 b2

Ser

2.82 a3b2

3.22 b2

2.75 a2b1

3.01 b1

2.49 a1

Glu

29.43 d1

29.58 d2

25.25 a1

25.76 b1

28.22 c1

Pro

8.74 a1

9.91 b2

9.83 b1

8.77 a2

10.27 c1

Gly

3.42 b1

3.19 a1

3.39 a2b3

3.54 b3

3.49 b2

Ala

2.49 b1

2.29 a1

2.73 c1

2.62 b3c1

2.59 b2c1

Val

3.65 a1

3.33 a3

3.63 a5

3.26 a2

3.40 a4

Ileu

3.06 c2

1.68 a1

2.27 b2

2.01 b1

2.86 c1

Leu

5.97 b1

5.60 c1

4.80 a3b1

4.58 a1

4.68 a2

Phe

4.12 c1

3.93 b1

3.87 a2b1

4.48 d1

3.74 a1

Values in rows marked with the same letters did not differ significantly at P = 95%

Table 3. Content of amino acids in cereal grain protein, g·100g of protein-1 – combination II

Amino acids

Cereals

Wheat
Liwilla

Triticale
Liwilla x Donar

Rye
Donar

Triticale
(Liwilla x Donar) x CZR142/79

Triticale
CZR142/79

Lys

3.45 b1

3.27 a2b1

3.80 c1

2.97 a1

3.28 a3b1

Arg

3.08 a5

2.68 a4

2.56 a3

2.39 a1

2.49 a2

CySO3H

1.20 a1

1.69 c1

1.45 b2

1.29 a2b2

1.43 b1

Asp

5.08 a2

5.71 b2

6.46 c1

5.05 a1

5.41 b1

MeSO2

1.38 a1

1.81 b2

2.25 c1

1.74 b1

1.90 b3

Thr

1.43 a1

2.43 d1

2.13 c2

1.61 b1

2.03 c1

Ser

3.01 a1

3.70 d1

2.75 b2c1

2.02 a1

2.49 b1

Glu

22.40 a1

30.65 a1

25.25 b1

26.38 c1

28.22 d1

Pro

8.85 a2

8.73 c1

9.83 b1

8.89 a3

10.27 b2

Gly

2.92 a1

3.74 c1

3.39 b1

3.08 a2

3.49 b2

Ala

2.58 a2

3.17 b1

2.73 a4

2.52 a1

2.59 a3

Val

3.70 b3

3.64 b2

3.63 b1

3.17 a1

3.40 a2b2

Ileu

2.06 a2b1

3.25 d1

2.27 b1

1.99 a1

2.86 c1

Leu

4.77 b2

6.11 c1

4.80 b3

3.28 a1

4.68 b1

Phe

4.09 b2

4.12 b3

3.87 a2b3

4.02 b1

3.74 a1

Values in rows marked with the same letters did not differ significantly at P = 95%

Crossing octoploid triticale ‘Aurora’ x ‘Donar’ with hexaploid triticale CZR142/79 decreased the contents of aspartic acid, MeSO2, threonine, glutamine, proline, leucine or increased glycine, alanine, isoleucine and phenylalanine. The content of lysine, arginine, CySO3H, serine, valine did not undergo significant changes. The content of lysine in octoploid triticale ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ grain protein was significantly lower, as compared with ‘Donar’ rye grain protein. However the octoploid triticale protein researched did not differ in the level of this amino acid as compared with ‘Liwilla’ grain protein. The octoploid triticale grain protein did not differ significantly in its content of arginine, glutamic acid, valine and phenylalanine from wheat grain protein. The content of the other amino acids researched in octoploid triticale grain protein was significantly higher as compared with wheat protein. Octoploid ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ triticale grain protein did not differ significantly in their content of arginine, valine and phenyloalanine as compared with rye protein. Octoploid triticale grain protein contained significantly less aspartic acid, MeSO2 and proline, as compared with rye grain protein. At the same time triticale protein contained more of the other amino acids researched as compared with ‘Donar’ rye protein. The results obtained show that ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ triticale grain protein is similar in its content of amino acids researched to ‘Liwilla’ wheat grain protein than to ‘Donar’ rye grain protein. Crossing octoploid ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ (♀) triticale with CZR 142/79 (♂) triticale decreased the content in grain protein of CySO3H, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, isoleucine and leucine. The content of lysine, arginine, MeSO2, proline and phenylalanine did not undergo significant changes. The results obtained are partially confirmed by reports of other authors [1,5,14].

CONCLUSIONS

  1. The primary forms of octoploid ‘Aurora’ x ‘Donar and ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ triticale obtained showed a higher level of protein than the parent plants (wheat, rye), which can show potential in further breeding and creating high-protein triticale cultivars.

  2. Crossing the octoploid triticale forms researched with hexaploid triticale CZR142/79 decreases significantly the content of protein only in ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ triticale grain. However introducing components of this line of hexaploid triticale can increase grain yield.

  3. Octoploid ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ triticale protein contained less lysine as compared with ‘Donar’ rye protein. However both octoploid triticale forms contained more of this amino acid in protein than the grain protein of the wheat cultivars researched (‘Aurora’, ‘Liwilla’).

  4. Amino acids marked in protein of octoploid triticale forms researched show that ‘Aurora’ x ‘Donar’ triticale protein is in this respect more similar to rye protein and ‘Liwilla’ x ‘Donar’ triticale protein to wheat protein.

REFERENCES

  1. Chna C., Boushuk W., 1970. Nature of proteins in triticale and its parental species. Part I. Solubility characteristics and amino acid composition of endosperm proteins. Can J. Plant Sci. 50, 9-14.

  2. Cicha E., Stankiewicz C., 1986. Content of nitrogen and amino acids in selected Triticale lines. Zesz. Nauk. WSRP w Siedlcach, Rolnictwo 16, 155-168.

  3. Gogun G.B., 1982. Tritikale – vozmožnyj donor ustojciwosti k stabelnoj ržavčine pšenicy [Triticale, a possible resistance donor for wheat stability]. Selchoz. Biol. 17 (3), 368-370.

  4. Larter E.N., Virdi P.V., Scartth R., 1984. The use of high protein tetraploid wheats and ryes in the improvement of triticale protein content. Eucarpia Conf., Clermont-Ferrand, Francja, INRA Paris, 153-159.

  5. Mazurek J., Długosz W., 1972. Charakterystyka białka w wybranych formach pszenżyta [Characteristics of protein in selected triticale forms]. Biul. IHAR 3/4, 163-165 [in Polish].

  6. Rejman S., 1973. Zastosowanie testu Duncana w badaniach biologicznych [Application of Duncan test to biological research]. Prace Inst. Sadownictwa w Skierniewicach, Mat. szkol. 2, 1-9 [in Polish].

  7. Rutkowska U., 1981. Wybrane metody badania składu i warto¶ci odżywczej żywno¶ci [Selected methods of investigating the content and nutritional value of foodstuffs]. PZWL Warszawa, 44-53 [in Polish].

  8. Stankiewicz C., 1987. Zmienno¶ć i współzależno¶ć zwi±zków zawartych w ziarnie wybranych rodów pszenżyta [Variability and interdependence of compounds contained in grain of selected triticale lines]. WSRP w Siedlcach, Rozpr. Nauk. 22 [in Polish].

  9. Stankiewicz C., 1998. Studium nad plonowaniem i warto¶ci± paszow± ziarna pszenżyta w warunkach Wysoczyzny Siedleckiej [Study into yielding and fodder value of triticale grain under the conditions of the Siedlecka Upland]. WSRP w Siedlcach, Rozpr. Nauk. 51 [in Polish].

  10. Subda H., Karolini-Skaradzińska Z., Gil Z., Czubaszek A., 1995. Zależno¶ć warto¶ci wypiekowej m±ki pszenżytniej od składu chemicznego [Dependence of baking value of triticale flour on chemical composition]. Rocz. Nauk Roln. 111 A (1-2), 45-54 [in Polish].

  11. Tarkowski C., 1989. Biologia pszenżyta [Triticale biology]. PWN Warszawa [in Polish].

  12. Tarkowski C., 1974. The constitution of amino acid proteins of triticale, wheat and rye. Gen. Pol. 15, 393-403.

  13. Wolski T., 1983. Hodowla plennych odmian pszenżyta w Polsce [Breeding fertile triticale cultivars in Poland]. Biul. branż. Hod. Ro¶. Nas. 5/6, 11-16 [in Polish].

  14. Żurek J., Płoszyński M., Ditrych-Szóstak D., 1991. Skład chemiczny i warto¶ć pokarmowa ziarna nowych odmian pszenżyta [Chemical composition and nutritional value of new triticale cultivars grain]. Pam. Puł. 98, 55-64 [in Polish].


Czesław Stankiewicz, Ewa Steć, Joanna Mitrus, Piotr Walo, Marek Kamecki
Institute of Biology
Department of Genetics and Plant Physiology
University of Podlasie
Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
e-mail:
stankiew@ap.siedlce.pl (Czesław Stankiewicz)
mitrus@ap.siedlce.pl (Joanna Mitrus)
walo1@poczta.fm (Piotr Walo)
marek26@poczta.fm (Marek Kamecki)

Daniela Gruszecka
Institute of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Agricultural University
Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
e-mail: gruszdan@agros.ar.lublin


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