Volume 2
Issue 2
Animal Husbandry
JOURNAL OF
POLISH
AGRICULTURAL
UNIVERSITIES
Available Online: http://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume2/issue2/animal/art-02.html
BENZIMIDAZOL RESISTANCE IN NEMATODE PARASITES IN DOMESTICATED ANIMALS IN NORTH-WEST PART POLAND
Aleksandra Katarzyna Balicka-Ramisz, Alojzy Z. Ramisz
The anthelmintics resistance of nematodes in sheep, cattle, horses and sows was investigated on 4 farms in North-West part Poland. The farms were visited thrice – before and twice 7 and 14 days after treatment. During the first visit, groups of 10 animals were formed. All animals were weighted before treatment and from each animal faecal samples were individually taken. One group in each farm remained untreated as a control.
Key words:
Parasites, animal, benzimidazol, resistance, Pomerania.
INTRODUCTION
Anthelmintic resistance is one of the most important problem confronting the successful control of nematode parasites of grazing animals. Most often benzimidazol resistance in nematodes has been found in sheep, goats, and horses. Resistance has been detected in pig parasites, too. It is reasonable to sume that the resistance will increase, if there is no change in traditional methods of parasites control. Although progress is being made in non chemotherapeutic method of control, these are unlikely to provide any practical alternatives in the short-term future.
Nematode parasites are of major economic importance in domesticated animals throughout the world. Intensive use of anthelmintics will select for those individual nematodes that can survive the treatment; these being nematodes that are genetically and physiologically resistant to the anthelmintic treatment. These resistant individuals will reproduce. After some time, the anthelmintic may be relatively ineffective for the significant suppression of worm burdens and animal production may be impaired. In the most severe circumstances, parasitic diseases may not be checked by use of the anthelmintic.
The aim of these studies was to get information about the benzimidazol resistance of nematode parasites in domesticated animals in the Pomerania region.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The benzimidazol resistance of nematodes in sheep, cattle, horses and pigs were investigated in 4 farms of North-West part Poland. On all farms a questionnaire was filled in wich relevant data for the survey, such as anthelmintic usage during the last years, grasing management in sheep, horses and cattle, way of pigs feeding etc. The farm were visiting thrice – before and twice 7 and 14 days after treatment. During the first visit, groups of 10 animals were formed.
From each animal faecal samples were individually taken. One group in each farm remained untreated as a control. The infection rate was established on the basis of coprological examination by using the McMaster method. The drug resistance was ascertained by the faecal egg-count depression test (FECDT). Fenbendazol (Panacur) was administered in following doses: sheep, pigs – 5 mg/kg of body weight, cattle and horses – 7.5 mg/kg of body weight.
RESULTS
Benzimidazol resistance were found in all farms, where the studies has been relised. The results are presented in the tables 1–5. In he horse farm Bielin anthelmintic treatment with fenbendazol (Panacur) against small strongyles (mainly against Cyathostomatidae) was ineffective. Seven days after treatment the drug was in 62.4 per cent and after 14 days in 24.7 per cent effective (tab. 2)
Table 1. Benzimidazole resistance of Oesopfgostomum sp. in pigs |
Number of pigs | Infection rate (EPG) | |||
Before treatment | 7 days after treatment | 14 days after treatment | Control animal | |
1. | 450 | 200 | 250 | 550 |
2. | 600 | 250 | 400 | 350 |
3. | 300 | 100 | 150 | 450 |
4. | 800 | 350 | 550 | 600 |
5. | 400 | 150 | 250 | 800 |
6. | 750 | 350 | 300 | 700 |
7. | 950 | 500 | 700 | 450 |
8. | 250 | 150 | 150 | 550 |
9. | 650 | 500 | 650 | 650 |
10. | 800 | 600 | 850 | 750 |
x | 595 | 315 | 425 | 585 |
SD | 236.23 | 173.29 | 247.49 | 143.5 |
Table 2. Benzimidazole resistance of small strongyles in a horse farm |
Number of horses | Infection rate (EPG) | |||
Before treatment | 7 days after treatment | 14 days after treatment | Control animal | |
1. | 910 | 400 | 750 | 1000 |
2. | 1720 | 550 | 1600 | 1610 |
3. | 1250 | 310 | 750 | 1350 |
4. | 2800 | 900 | 1900 | 1800 |
5. | 600 | 200 | 550 | 1600 |
6. | 1100 | 500 | 950 | 600 |
7. | 3150 | 1310 | 1850 | 1200 |
8. | 950 | 350 | 800 | 1950 |
9. | 1310 | 650 | 1150 | 1640 |
10. | 750 | 300 | 600 | 900 |
x | 1454 | 547 | 1090 | 1365 |
SD | 864.19 | 336.26 | 512.51 | 432.62 |
The efficiency of fenbendazol against gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep is presented in tab. 3. The efficiency of the drug ranged from 34,0 to 25.9 per cent respectively 7 and 14 days after treatment. It is worthy of note the very high effectivity of Levamisol (99.0 per cent) against gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep.
Table 3. Benzimidazole resistance in gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheeps |
Number of sheeps | Infection rate (EPG) | |||
Before treatment | 7 days after treatment | 14 days after treatment | Control animal | |
550 | 200 | 200 | 300 | |
2. | 500 | 650 | 650 | 850 |
3. | 2200 | 1400 | 1400 | 1100 |
4. | 100 | 50 | 50 | 450 |
5. | 650 | 400 | 400 | 250 |
6. | 1400 | 950 | 950 | 1000 |
7. | 1100 | 850 | 850 | 1150 |
8. | 1250 | 650 | 650 | 750 |
9. | 1150 | 600 | 600 | 1200 |
10. | 550 | 250 | 250 | 1450 |
x | 945 | 600 | 600 | 850 |
SD | 601.13 | 402.08 | 402.08 | 406.89 |
The data on fenbendazol resistance in cattle are given in tab. 3. After 7 days the drug was effective in 23.3 per cent and after 14 days in 16.3 per cent. As in sheep Levamizol was high effective against gastro-intestinal nematodes infection, too (tab. 4).
Table 4. Benzimidazole resistance in gastro-intestinal nematodes in cows |
Number of cows | Infection rate (EPG) | |||
Before treatment | 7 days after treatment | 14 days after treatment | Control animal | |
1. | 200 | 150 | 150 | 100 |
2. | 350 | 300 | 300 | 400 |
3. | 150 | 100 | 100 | 200 |
4. | 250 | 200 | 250 | 250 |
5. | 250 | 150 | 200 | 400 |
6. | 150 | 100 | 100 | 50 |
7. | 300 | 250 | 300 | 200 |
8. | 50 | 50 | 50 | 150 |
9. | 250 | 200 | 200 | 200 |
10. | 200 | 150 | 150 | 100 |
x | 215 | 165 | 180 | 205 |
SD | 85.15 | 74.72 | 85.63 | 118.91 |
Pigs were infected in 97.8 per cent mainly with Oesophagostomum sp. (in 93.0 per cent), the next with Ascaris suum (in 50.2 per cent) and with Trichocephalus suis (in 18.8 per cent). Seven days after treatment the efficiency of fenbendazol was in 50 per cent and 14 days after treatment in 37.5 per cent (tab. 1)
The summary of fenbendazol resistance of gastro-intestinal nematodes in domesticated animals of Pomerania Region is presented in tab. 5.
Table 5. Mean values of benzimidazol efficacy in domesticated animals. |
Animals |
Efficacy ( per cent) – days after treatment |
|
7 |
14 |
|
Horses |
62.3 |
25.0 |
Sheep |
36.5 |
25.9 |
Cattle |
23.3 |
16.2 |
Pigs |
47.0 |
28.5 |
DISCUSSION
Anthelmintic resistance in nematodes can be a problem in sheep, goats, horses, cattle and pigs. The most widespread resistance problems occur to benzimidazol anthelmintics in nematodes of sheep, goats and horses. Reports of this type of resistance have emanated from Australia. Africa, Europe North and South America; wherever animals are regularly treated with anthelmintics and investigation have been made. Beveridge et al. (1990), Eady et al. (1998), Rolfe (1993) and Waller et al.( !986) found a high level of benzimidazole resistance in gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep in Australia. In Europe an increasing incidence of anthelmintic resistance in sheep were reported in Great Britain (Coles 1997, Hunt et al. 1992), in France (Guerin 1996) and in Denmark (Maingi et al. 1997). In USA benzimidazole resistance of gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep were found in North Carolina (Uhlinger et al. 1992) and in eastern region (Lyons et al. 1992).
Benzimidazole resistance in cyathostomes in horses has been reported in USA (Lyons et al. 1997; Woods et al. 1998), Australia (Kelly et al. 1981) and in following European countries: Germany (Bauer et al. 1986); Netherlands (Borgsteede et al. 1997; Boerseman et al. 1991; Fisher et al.1992); Slovakia (Varady et al. 1997) and Norway (Ihler 1993).
Benzimidazole resistance in gastro-intestinal nematodes has been reported in cattle in Australia and New Zealand (Eagleson and Bowie 1986; Jackson et al. 1987), in Argentina (Suares 1997) and in Netherlands (Borgsteede et al. 1992). Recently, Borgsteede et al. (1997) in Netherlands, Requejo-Fernandez et al. (1997), in Spain and Dangolla et al. (1997) in Denmark found a high level of benzimidazole resistance in gastro-intestinal nematodes in goats.
Reports of benzimidazole resistance in Oesophagostomum in pigs have emanated from Germany (Bauer et al. 1993; Gewert 1996) and from Denmark (Dangoll et al. 1997).
Till now we have only fragmentary information about anthelmintic resistance in nematodes in North-West Part Poland. Balicka- Ramisz and Ramisz (1997) have presented communication on fenbendazole resistance in nematodes of sheep and Ramisz and Betlejewska (1993) have found fenbendazole resistance cyathostomes in horses. Our studies were realized in farms where fenbendazol has been used for a longer period. The studies inform us, that in Poland the benzimidazol resistance in nematodes of domesticated animals could be an important practical problem. Benzimidazol preparations are used in large scale for parasites control in Poland. It seems necessary to examined the efficiency of treatment when benzimidazol have been used.
CONCLUSIONS
Anthelmintic resistance is one of the most important problem confronting the successful control of gastro-intestinal nematodes of farm animals;
It seems necessary to examined the efficiency of treatment when benzimidazol preparations have been used.
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Submited:
A.K. BALICKA-RAMISZ., DAgSc, PhD., A.Z. RAMISZ, VMD, PhD.
Department of Animal Hygiene and Prophylaxis
University of Agriculture,
Dr.Judyma str.6, 71-466 Szczecin, Poland
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