EJPAU, 2010, Volume 13, Issue 3

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13(3) #12
19 Aug 2010
Veterinary Medicine
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The aim of the study was an assessment of an influence of dried brewer's yeasts addition on yield and chemical composition of milk of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed cows fed with PMR system, in the first 100 days of lactation, allowing of some biochemical parameters of blood. The experiment was conducted on 50  Polish Holstein-Friesian cows (Red-White variety) maintained in tied stalls. The cows calved in summer season randomly entered one of the two groups: experimental (n=25 heads) and control one (n=25 heads). An application of a preparation of dried brewer's yeasts (200 g/head/day) in dairy cows feeding 3 weeks before calving and in the first 100 days of lactation caused slightly higher fat content in milk, and statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in FCM milk yield (of 2.27 kg) as compared to cows from the control group that were not given such a feed supplement. Clearly decreased (however insignificant statistically) somatic cells count was observed in milk of cows that were given an addition of dried brewer's yeasts as compared to the control group. Proper values of biochemical indices of blood in both groups of cows demonstrate an appropriate energy-protein ratio of feeding doses used in an experimental period. An addition of dried brewer's yeasts given to cows before calving statistically significantly influenced the level of total protein and magnesium in blood, and content of urea, albumins, globulins and magnesium after calving. An application of an addition of dried brewer's yeasts should be recommended in high-yielding cows feeding, since it profitably influences an increase in FCM milk yield and some biochemical indices of blood.

13(3) #04
07 Jul 2010
Environmental Development
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The following study evaluates the influence of benzene pollution on the number of specific metabolic groups of soil microflora. In our research we used the following pollution doses: 100, 1.000 and 10.000 mg · kg-1 s.m. of soil. The results were analyzed. The proteolytic organisms showed up to be the most susceptible for benzene, the least – the organisms decomposing fats. The analysis revealed that the dose as well as the kind of a hydrocarbon and the time of exposure did not have any significant influence on the amount of amylolytic organisms, however those factors influenced significantly the lypolytic and proteolytic organisms.

13(3) #05
08 Jul 2010
Economics
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In Poland in the nineties, after the creation of conditions that allowed the mechanisms of a market economy to function, profound structural changes took place. At the forefront of these changes there was trade sector, which was already in 94% privatised in 1990 and by 2008 almost in 100%. During the first period of socio-economic transformation the central pricing of most goods and services was abolished and grants and subsidies for production were eliminated. The conditions of the market economy allowed small medium and large shops (in terms of area as well as capital and employment) for the free entry into and withdrawal from the market.
In initial period of transition of many small trading firms, owned predominantly by domestic private capital were established. The Polish market in the nineties was characterised by high consumer demand and the availability of goods and services from domestic ally produced as well as imported. In urban areas this situation caused a never-before-seen growth of large-sized shops. Since the shortage of domestic capital that could be invested in trading at that time, this gap was filled by foreign capital in the form direct investments of.
This paper attempts to present the most important changes that occurred in the trade sector during the period 1989–2008.

13(3) #09
05 Aug 2010
Agronomy
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Sugar beet seeds were treated by four different methods: rubbing, washing, priming and priming in combination with rubbing. Seeds were sown in a field for estimation of field emergence, yield and variability of single root weight. Each year the faster and more regular plant emergence was from primed or rubbed and primed seeds. Values of single root variability coefficient ranged from 53.3 to 73.9%. Priming and priming with rubbing decreased the coefficient of root weight variability by 7.1 to 9.2% compared to other methods. Root weight variability coefficient was strongly correlated to the time of field emergence. The shorter the mean time to emergence, the lower the root variability during the harvest. Sugar beet plants which emerged first produced the heaviest roots. Time and sequence of emergence influenced final root weight more than the mean distance to the neighbouring beets in the rows and their mean weight.

13(3) #11
16 Aug 2010
Economics
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The paper presents an analysis of opportunities for the use of EU funds to support investment in the 2007-2013 financial perspective, especially those targeted for food industry enterprises in Poland. The author covers the subject of the possibilities for financial support for Operational Programs and specific measures related to them addressed to the food industry sector. The macroeconomic characteristics of food industry enterprises are shown to provide better insight into this problem. The current state of implementation of the measures analyzed is presented as an extension of the topic. Conclusions and quantitative and qualitative evaluations of investment support for innovative projects in the food industry are shown at the end of the paper's results.

13(3) #14
28 Sep 2010
Veterinary Medicine
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The study comprised an analysis of dimensional changes in thin wood-based boards caused by cyclical changes in relative humidity at constant ambient temperature. Analyses were conducted on MDF, HDF, PB and OSB. As a result of these investigations it was found that final relative dimensional changes are significantly dependent on changes in dimensions occurring at individual stages of conditioning, with the first adsorption changes being most important. The lowest relative change in length determined in relation to the initial length was found for MDF board, while that in thickness – for HDF board.

13(3) #02
02 Jul 2010
Animal Husbandry
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The study investigates inbreeding and relationship in the population of Tatra Shepherd dogs whose records are kept in the herdbook of the Krakow Branch of the Polish Kennel Club. Four-generation pedigrees of 34 Tatra Shepherd dogs, 19 males and 15 females, born in 1995–2007, were used as a material for creating pedigrees of 150 individuals of both sexes (66 males, 84 females). The coefficients of inbreeding (FX) were estimated for all 150 animals and for each sex separately, and the coefficients of relationship (RXY) were calculated for all animals, for each sex separately, and for dogs and bitches. Among all the animals, 23.33% were inbred; about 50% of those belonged to the active population. The proportion of inbred individuals was 27.27% for males and 20.24% for females. The FX values for all animals and for inbred individuals were 1.37% and 5.85%, respectively. In the sex groups, FX averaged 1.76% and 1.06% for all dogs and all bitches, and 6.64%, 5.23% for inbred dogs and inbred bitches. In the population under study, 35.55% of pairs of individuals were related. The average values of RXY for all and related pairs were 5.19% and 14.59%, respectively. In males, 41.03% pairs were related, with RXY for all and inbred dogs averaging 6.12% and 14.92%, respectively. In females, those values were slightly lower: 31.24% related pairs; RXY averaging 4.53% and 14.51% for all and related pairs, respectively. Only 36.15% of mixed male-female pairs were related; the RXY values averaged 5.24% and 14.49,% respectively, for all and related pairs.

13(3) #03
05 Jul 2010
Animal Husbandry
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The study examines the contribution of founders and ancestors to the active population of Tatra Shepherd dogs whose records are kept in the herdbook of the Krakow Branch of the Polish Kennel Club. Four-generation pedigrees of 34 Tatra Shepherd dogs, 19 males and 15 females, born in 1995–2007, were used as a material for creating pedigrees of 150 individuals of both sexes (66 males, 84 females). The 34 animals forming the active population were treated as a reference population in the founder and ancestor analysis performed to determine the total and effective number of founders and ancestors, and to identify those with the highest gene contribution to the reference population. It was found that the reference population had 54 founders and 30 ancestors in total. The effective numbers of founders and ancestors were 28 and 16, respectively. The group of main founders, i.e. those with highest gene contribution to the active population, was composed of 32 animals (15 dogs and 17 bitches). Five founders (3 males and 2 females) contributed from 4% to over 7% of genes, 13 animals from 2% to 4%, and the others only 1–2%. The group of main ancestor comprised 22 animals (14 males and 8 females). Among those, 5 individuals made the gene contribution from 6% to 15%, and the rest, up to 5.5%. Eight individuals were both main founders and main ancestors.

13(3) #07
03 Aug 2010
Animal Husbandry
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The studies were carried out on 126 hybrid porkers from crossing sows Camborough22 and PIC337 boars. The taken up study aimed at determining the T3469C and G2728A polymorphism at the leptin gene (LEP) as well as establishing an association with the quality of carcass and meat in PIC hybrid fatteners that are free from stress susceptibility gene (RYR1T). Basing on the carried out study, a higher frequency of allele G (0.976) and a lower one of allele A (0.024) at locus G2728A was showed. Genotype distribution was as follows: GG (0.960), GA (0.032), and AA (0.008). On the other hand, occurrence of different alleles at locus T3469C was not found. All tested pigs were characterised by genotype TT. Fatteners with genotypes GG G2728A and TT T3469C were characterised mean percent carcass meatiness amounted almost 57%, out of which 73.5% were classified into class S and E of the EUROP system. The analysis quality of their meat showed since 85.1% carcasses of normal meat, while participation of the PSE type meat amounted to 4.8% only, keeping at the same time optimum intramuscular fat content. Also, a more favourable slaughter value of gilt carcasses in relation to barrows was confirmed, with similar carcass weight, meat quality and its basic chemical composition.

13(3) #10
13 Aug 2010
Agronomy
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The aim of the work was to determine the nutrient content in Miscanthus and the value of nutrient uptake from the soil under different environmental conditions. The research was carried out in 2004-2006 in the eastern part of Poland at two experimental stations. The three-year average yield of Miscanthus oscillated between 15 and 17 t·ha-1·yr-1. Nitrogen content in shoots varied between 0.22 and 1.23%, whereas the phosphorus content in shoots was between 0.01 and 0.08%, and potassium content in shoots was from 0.16 to 1.11%. The differences depended on the localisation and year. Nitrogen uptake by the plant was between 49 and 216 kg·ha-1, whereas the phosphorus uptake oscillated between 3 and 28 kg·ha-1, and potassium uptake was from 37 to 275 kg·ha-1. The differences depended on the localisation and year.

13(3) #08
04 Aug 2010
Environmental Development
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The paper addresses the issue of the quality of water in uncontrolled watercourses covered by the small retention programme in the malopolskie province. Analyzed were the results of 12 quality indices assessments in waters flowing away from 6 partial catchments remaining under anthropopressure resulting from their typically agricultural, agricultural-settlement and settlement-agricultural management, including some forested areas. Small retention reservoirs have been planned in the analyzed catchments. Water samples for the analyses were collected at 11 dates in the cross sections of projected dams and water quality indices were tested using standard methods. Differences of some features influencing water purity class were demonstrated, particularly biogenic compound concentrations and their dependency on the management form dominant in the catchment. Results of former research conducted on small uncontrolled watercourses, mainly in the upland and mountain areas were also discussed.

13(3) #01
01 Jul 2010
Agronomy
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Between 70–90% of recent increases in food production resulted from changes in conventional agricultural practices. Pesticides used in conventional agriculture accumulate in the human body and reportedly cause cancer, birth defects, decreased fertility, neurological damage and other health problems. Organic farming systems offer potential benefits to human health through least contamination of chemical residue in food products, reducing farmers' exposure to pesticides and at the same time by increasing the total desirable phenolic content in selected food crops for consumers. During the decade of eighties, preamble of transgenic technology in the backdrop of organic production system has widened the horizon of transforming food production from a chemical – to a biology-based system. Developments in transgenic technology have taken place at input and output traits levels of crop production. Agricultural practices such as organic methods, use of GE plants and selected inorganic conventional agricultural methods can play important roles in future sustainable agricultural practices. In order to let organic and GE cropping systems coexist, strategies must be devised to allow both neighbours to farm in an economically viable manner. These two very different production strategies viz. transgenic and organic production systems will help move agriculture towards a publicly healthy, environmental friendly and sustainable system.

13(3) #13
27 Sep 2010
Wood Technology
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The study comprised an analysis of dimensional changes in thin wood-based boards caused by cyclical changes in relative humidity at constant ambient temperature. Analyses were conducted on MDF, HDF, PB and OSB. As a result of these investigations it was found that final relative dimensional changes are significantly dependent on changes in dimensions occurring at individual stages of conditioning, with the first adsorption changes being most important. The lowest relative change in length determined in relation to the initial length was found for MDF board, while that in thickness – for HDF board.

13(3) #06
02 Aug 2010
Environmental Development
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The paper presents assessment and results of research on the rate of annual increment of organic matter accumulated in the top, only slightly decomposed acrotelm layer of a raised bog, on the basis of the age of trees which grow there (Pinus sylvestris). Additionally, the plant cover was characterised. The research showed that the average annual increment amounts to 4.70 mm. The research object is of outstanding environmental importance with considerable aesthetic and landscape values. It is proposed that the bog should become a protected area in the form of a reserve.


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